Lab Activity 1

Language of Anatomy
Martini Chapter 1
Portland Community College
BI 231

Anatomy
Gross anatomy: the study of body structures
visible to the naked eye (without a
microscope)
Microscopic anatomy:
Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of
individual cells
Histology: examination of tissues (groups of
specialized cells that work together to perform
a specific function.
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Anatomical Position
Anytime you describe structures
relative to one another, you must
assume this standard position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body

Anterior
Landmarks

Posterior
Landmarks

Anatomical Locations

Abdominal: abdominal region

Acromial: the point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm
Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: upper arm
Buccal: cheek of the face
Calcaneal: heel of the foot
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head

Anatomical Locations

Cervical: neck
Deltoid: round part of the shoulder
Digital: fingers and toes
Dorsum: back
Femoral: thigh
Frontal: forehead
Gluteal: buttocks
Hallux: big toe
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back
Mammary: breast

Anatomical Locations

Mental: chin
Nasal: Nose
Occipital: base of the skull
Olecranal: elbow
Oral: mouth
Orbital: bony eye socket
Otic: ear
Palmar: palm of hand
Patellar: Kneecap
Pedal: Foot

Anatomical Locations
Pelvic: pelvis region
Perineal: area between anus and external
genitals
Plantar: sole of foot
Pollex: thumb
Popliteal: behind the knee
Pubic: genital region
Sacral: lower back between the hips
Scapular: shoulder blade
Tarsal: ankle
Thoracic: chest

Body Orientation
and Direction
These are relative positions
Proximal/distal
Used to describe locations on
the arms and legs
GI tract

Medial/lateral
Medial is closer to the midline
Farther away from the midline

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Body Orientation and Direction

Dorsal: Back
Ventral: Front
Superior or Cephalad is
toward the head
Inferior or Caudal is
toward the feet
Anterior: most forward
Posterior: toward the
backside
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Planes of the Body

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Dorsal Body Cavity

Dorsal cavity
protects the nervous
system
Contains Brain and
Spinal Cord

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Cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Heart & Lungs
Subdivided into the
mediastinum and plural
cavities
Lower border is the diaphragm
Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, Liver, Intestines
Pelvic Cavity
Reproductive organs Bladder,
Rectum

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Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes have two layers

1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Serous fluid separates the serosae

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Serous Membranes

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Serous Membranes of the Heart

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Quadrants
RUQ
Liver

LUQ
Spleen

RLQ
Appendix

LLQ
Sigmoid colon
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Abdominopelvic
Regions

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Lab Activity 2
Organ Systems
Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10

Integumentary System
Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
Function:

Forms external body covering

Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry
Site of pain and pressure receptors
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Skeletal System
Structure: 206 bones of the human body
Function:
Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework that muscles can use to create
movement
Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
Mineral storage
Bone contains 99% of the bodys store of calcium
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Muscular System
Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body
Function:

Locomotion
Manipulation of the environment
Maintaining posture
Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

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Nervous System
Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves.
Function:
Fast-acting control system of the body
Monitoring of the internal and external environment
and responding (when necessary) by initiating
muscular or glandular activity
Information Assessment
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Endocrine System
Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands
Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,
Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small
Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries,
Kidneys, Heart

Functions:
Long-term control system of the body
Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient
use among other things.
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Cardiovascular System
Structures:
Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Functions:
The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients
(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2),
wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules
(hormones), and heat.
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Lymphatic/Immune
System
Structures:
Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,
Red bone marrow

Functions:
Returning leaked fluid back to the bloodstream
Disposal of debris
Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens
i.e., disease-causing organisms)
Absorption of fat from the digestive tract
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Respiratory System
Structures:
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Functions:
Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove
CO2
Regulate blood pH

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Digestive System
Structures:
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas,
liver, gallbladder

Functions:
Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into
absorbable units that will enter the blood for
distribution to the bodys cells
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Urinary System
Structures:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra

Functions:
Removal of nitrogenous wastes
Regulation of bodys levels of water, electrolytes,
and acidity
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Reproductive System
Structures:
Male:
Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra,
prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis

Female:
Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary
glands

Functions:
Making Babies
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Lab Activity 3

The Microscope

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Care of the Microscope

1. When transporting microscope, hold in upright
position with one hand on the arm and the other
supporting the base
2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER
USE KIMWIPES.
3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowestpower objective and change to higher-power
lenses as necessary.

Use fine focus only for adjustment

4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest

power objective lens
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5. Always use a coverslip with temporary

Putting Microscope Away

1. Remove slides from stage and place in
appropriate place
2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into
position
3. Move stage to the lowest position
4. Turn down light brightness
5. Turn off power
6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or
alcohol wipe if needed
7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base
8. Lock the cabinet
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The End

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