Cake Formation dan

Concentration Polarization

Dr. Subriyer Nasir

Porous and non porous Membrane

Profile Fluks terhadap waktu

Cake Formation

Fluks pada model cake formation

Jv = Fluks
P = beda tekan
= viskositas
Rm = Tahanan Membran
Rbl =Rc = Tahanan Cake

Concentration Polarization
Concentration polarization is an accumulation of excess particles
in a thin layer adjacent to the membrane surface. This
phenomenon, inherent in all membrane filtration processes,
increases resistance to solvent flow and reduces the permeate
flux; it also increases retained solids (salts) or solute
concentration at the membrane surface.
The underlying
mechanism for the concentration polarization phenomenon is
unbalanced transport of dissolved components between bulk and
membrane surface. In particular, convective flux towards the
membrane surface is prevalent over back diffusion to the bulk.
Hence, membrane separation processes are very complex and
are influenced by numerous operating parameters such as the
trans-membrane pressure, nature and concentration of the
solute, and feed velocity.

 Concentration polarization is a fully

reversible process in a membrane module
and it can be controlled by velocity
adjustment, pulsation or an electric field.
Concentration polarization is caused by
preferential rejection of solute and removal
of solvent, creating a concentration
gradient from the bulk feed flow to the
membrane surface.

Figure 2.11 illustrated the concentration polarization mechanism on the membrane

surface.

C A2
High Pressure

Low Pressure

D AB

NB

dC A
dx

CA1

CA
N A N B
C

NA
CA3
Permeate

Boundary
Layer
Membrane

Bulk Feed

(sieving) mechanism and the final stage is cake filtration. In the first pore blocking
stage, the flux is similar with clean water permeation flux. For the second pore blocking
stage, the new effective "initial permeate flux" was obtained from the calculated flux at
the end of the first stage.

Polarisasi Konsentrasi

where: Cm is the solute concentration in membrane wall, Cp is permeate concentration,

Cb is the bulk concentration, Jw is the solvent (water) flux and k is the mass transfer
coefficient.

TRANSPORT
THROUGH
MEMBRANES

TRANSPORT THROUGH
MEMBRANES

Driving force in a membrane process is

necessary to provide the motion of the
molecules.

Membrane processes can be driven by

pressure, concentration, temperature,
electric field etc.

TRANSPORT THROUGH
MEMBRANES

Empirical Correlations
k 0.065 Re 0.875 Sc 0.25
k 0.04 Re 0.75 Sc0.33

Reference
Belfort (1980)

D
dh

Schok (1987)

D
dh

k 0.648 Re 0.379 Sc 0.33

Hickey-Gooding (1994)

D
dh

k 0.04 Re 0.75 Sc 0.333

Sh 0.664 ( D / z ) 0.33 Re 0.5 Sc 0.33

Belfort (1984)

Sh 1.86 ( D / z ) 0.33 Re 0.33 Sc 0.33

Graetz-Leveque(1989)

K
k 0.753
2 K

1/ 2

Matsuura (1994)

1/ 2

Re

1/ 2

Sh 0.63xSc

2/3

Re f

C f

Sc

Eriksson (1988)

exp 14x103 Re1m.8 Sc / ScNaCl

0.4

1/ 3

Ohya- Sourirajan (1969)

Cm Cp
Jv
exp
Cb Cp
k

0.17

Chiolle (1978)

Ds 1 / 6 Pe hB
Sc

hB
M

hf
Sh 1.065

Lsp 2 sp
1.09 0.333 0.33
Sh
Re
Sc

CPm, p

Grober (1989)

0.77

Pb(O, w)
P 0

0.55

S.Avlonitis et al (1993)

2.4.2.2 Cake Formation

Several authors use the term cake formation to describe the fouling and scaling
phenomenon in particular for inorganic fouling (Bacchin, et al. 2002; Kosvintsev, et al.
2002; Lin, et al. 2005).
Bacchin, et al (Bacchin, et al. 2002) proposed a model to predict the cake formation
caused by colloidal suspension in ultrafiltration process. Two parameters are used to
describe the colloidal fouling within the polarised and the deposit namely the solid
pressure and hydrodynamic coefficient. To avoid a false estimation by assuming that the
mass colloids correspond to solid volume flux towards the membrane, it was suggested
that actual mass of particles irreversible transfer to deposit is different from the mass
transferred by permeation from the solution.
Kosvintsev, et al (Kosvintsev, et al. 2002) suggested three separate periods of filtration
during the microfiltration process. The first two stages involved a pore blocking

NON-POROUS MEMBRANES
Solubility depends on the membrane
penetrant interaction

Diffusivity depends on the geometry of the

penetrant molecule

TRANSPORT THROUGH
MEMBRANES
Flux of the molecules are proportional to the
driving force by a proportionality constant:

dX
J A
dx

TRANSPORT THROUGH MEMBRANES

Chemical Potential (Composite effect of
both the pressure and the chemical activity
gradient.):

RT ln a V P

POROUS MEMBRANES
In Porous membranes, motion is assumed
to be through small pipes.

Hagen-Poiseuille model
Knudsen flow model (For gasses)

HAGEN-POISEUILLE MODEL
Assuming all the pores have the same
radius:

r P
J
8 x
2

NON-POROUS MEMBRANES
In Non-Porous membranes, solubility diffusivity
model is used.
Permeability = S x D

dC
J D
dx