Syllabus Introduction
Unit -1: Media & Freedom:
Concept of media freedom
Theories of media liberty and democracy
Rights and Obligation of the media
Fundamental rights.
Defamation,
Contempt of court and legislature.
Official Secrets Act,
Intellectual property rights vis-a-vis copyright
and piracy;
Wages and working conditions of journalists;
Measures to curb piracy; Tamilnadu model.
Unit IV : Ethics
Blumer J.G.1992.
Kaushal N.
DEFINITION
According to Ordinary meaning..
Freedom of press is not an end in itself but a means to the end of
achieving a free society
OR
According to The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression;
this right includes freedom to hold opinions without
interference, and impart information and ideas through any
media regardless of frontiers"
The media is a powerful institution that can act as a necessary instrument of communication.
To the extent that the media is independent of government it can also have the capacity
to act as a powerful critic of government.
Media has been increasingly challenged as an institution that frequently abuses its
power, invading peoples privacy and undermining personal freedom.
On the one hand, various social, political, and economic forces may serve to
make the press freer, in fact, than it is in law.
Conversely, those same forces may substantially curtail the exercise of a legal
freedom. It could be seen that the government control on the media freedom is
always subject to political, legal, or constitutional constraints.
Severe restrictions on the press continued, however, in the form of seditious, libel laws
under which the government was able to arrest and punish any printer who published
material in any way critical of the government.
Since the 18th century the press in Britain has been relatively free from state interference.
During that time the printing of parliamentary debates had to be disguised as debates
between classical figures. At this time, both true and false criticism of the government
was considered a libel. In fact, the legal doctrine proclaimed that the greater the truth
the greater the libel. Only in the mid-19th century truth was admissible as a defence in
English libel cases.
The struggle for freedom of the Press had its greatest triumph when it came to be guaranteed
by a written Constitution, as a fundamental right. Countries with written constitutions
frequently contain special protection for press freedom.
In the United States the First Amendment gives constitutional status to press freedom.
This means that writers, journalists, and publishers can criticize government and are
free from censorship.
Before that the 1776 Virginia Bill of Rights stated, Freedom of the press is one of the great
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms also gives constitutional protection to the press.
The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand also have specific legislation that protects
freedom of information to ensure openness and facilitate press coverage of important issues and events.
The European Convention on Human Rights, under Article 10, protects the freedom to receive and
impart information and ideas without interference by public authority.
As a signatory to this treaty, most of the countries are likely to become increasingly
influenced by constitutional protections for freedom of the press.
The Supreme Court of India lost no time in declaring that the freedom of the Press
was included in that guarantee as early as 1950.
Laws such as the Official Secrets Act and Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) have
also been used to limit press freedom.
Under POTA, a person could be detained for up to six months for being in contact
with a terrorist or terrorist group. POTA was repealed in 2006, but the Official
Secrets Act, 1923 continues.
Press
as
A Fourth Estate
Second Stage
Once media liberalization has commenced, in the second stage
democratic consolidation is strengthened,
where journalists is independent,
Newspapers, radio and television stations facilitate greater
transparency and accountability in governance, by serving in
their watch-dog roles to deter corruption and malfeasance,
as well as providing a civic forum for multiple voices in public
debate, and highlighting problems to inform the policy agenda.
a free press is valuable for democracy, for good governance,
and for human development.
Examples:
All new programs for development
New policies for development
Rescue programs during famine and national tragedy
Many more
This, in turn,
accelerates the
spread of
literacy.
equips them to
perform the
varied tasks
required in the
modernizing
society
the elaborate
technology of
industrial
development is
fairly well advanced
Example:
Taiwan free from corruption,
Brunetti and Weder, amongst others, found that there was less
corruption in nations with a free press.
Media freedom organizations demonstrate that each year dozens
of media professionals are killed or injured in the course of their
work.
In Colombia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Zimbabwe and Egypt, for
example, many journalists, broadcasters and editors have
experienced intimidation or harassment,
while journalists in many parts of the world face the daily threat of
personal danger from wars or imprisonment by the security
services.
for example in nations such as Russia, Brazil and Peru which have failed to create fully-independent
and pluralistic media systems. Broadcasting cartels, coupled with the failure of regulatory reform,
legal policies which restrict critical reporting, and uneven journalistic standards, can all limit the
role of the media in its civic forum or watch-dog roles.
Theories of Media
Classroom Activity
Share your perspective :
How you wish Media should be
Classroom Activity
What you like to produce from Media.
What you like to Consume from Media.
Introduction
The term media theory refers to a model that explains the relationship
between media and social reality.
How media is seen, controlled and dealt with, will be outlined in the following
paragraphs through
Introduction
Western theories of the mass media were first propounded by
Fred Siebert, Theodare Peterson and Wilber Schramm in their
book Four theories of Press.
The study of four distinct theories which generally
command on media behaviour and its outlook in
different societies.
Authoritarian Theory
Libertarian Theory
Soviet Theory
Social Responsibility Theory
Authoritarian Theory
Long before the democratic societies could think of matters
pertaining to freedom of speech, there existed a thought
that the emergence of media should not challenge the writ
of the government which were more in dictatorial form and
less they looked like democracies.
This approach is designed to protect the established social
order, setting clear limits to media freedom and ensure
that it is not the media which must talk about people and
their problems in any manner.
Cont
As printing press was handy and comparatively low price, during
17th century made it possible to print and circulate several
copies.
The first amendment in American constitution is an embodiment
of this theory. : Truth can be arrived at only through the free
expression of diverse point of view.
Soviet Theory
With the revolution in Russia in 1917, and practice of Marxism, there appeared a
very different approach to deal with media.
The media was tied to overall communist ideas and defined in a very different way.
The theory to control media possessed following features:
Closely tied to the communist ideology.
The media is collective agitator, propagandist and educator in the building of communism.
No private ownership of the media.
The soviet theory does not favor free expression, but proposes a positive role for the
media, the society and the world.
Cont
In politically and economically advanced societies the change is based
on new information and telecommunications technologies, which
affected the media industries in terms of economic restructuring, and
on a new social and political environment, as reflected by media
contents.
A basic question is: Who gave media the right to do the things they
do? Like to investigate wrong doings by public officials, to delve into
the private lives of public figures and to report on the shortcomings
of government and institutions are all forms of the criticism media
face all over the world.
Purpose of talking on this topic is to make people linked with mass
media to understand the relationship between media and society
and how the media is understood by the scholars in the society.
Activity
List out the Fundamental rights in
detail
DEFINITION
Fundamental Rights are essential human rights
that are offered to every citizen irrespective of
caste, race, creed, place of birth, religion or
gender. These are equal to freedoms and these
rights are essential for personal good and the
society at large.
Right to equality
Right to equality
(i) Equality before Law :- Article 14 of the constitution guarantees
that all citizens shall be equally protected by the laws of the country
(ii) Social equality and equal access to public areas:- Article 15 of
ghats and temples etc. However, the State may make any special
provision for women and children.
Right to equality
(iii) Equality in matters of public employment:- Article 16 of the
Right to freedom
Right to freedom
(i) Freedom of Speech and expression, which enable an individual
to participate in public activities. The phrase, "freedom of press"
has not been used in Article 19, but freedom of expression includes
freedom of press.
(ii) Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms, on which the
State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public
order and the sovereignty and integrity of India.
(iii) Freedom to form associations or unions on which the State can
impose reasonable restrictions on this freedom in the interest of
public order, morality and the sovereignty and integrity of India.
Right to freedom
(iv) Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though
reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of
the general public, for example, restrictions may be imposed on
movement and travelling, so as to control epidemics.
(v) Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India
which is also subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the
interest of the general public or for the protection of the schedule
tribes because certain safeguards as are envisaged here seem to be
justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and
coercion.
Right to freedom
(vi) Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any
occupation, trade or business on which the State may impose
reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public. Thus,
there is no right to carry on a business which is dangerous or
immoral.
Right to constitutional
remedies
Right to constitutional
remedies
Right to constitutional remedies empowers the
citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial
of the fundamental rights.
This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or
safeguard the citizens' fundamental rights can be
done in various ways. The courts can issue various
kinds of writs.
Activity
Find out the meaning of These writs :
habeas corpus,
mandamus,
prohibition,
quo warranto and certiorari.
The Supreme Court shall have the power to issue directions or order
or writs including the writs in the nature of habeas corpus,
mandamus, prohibition, Quo warranto and criterion, whichever may
be appropriate for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by
fundamental rights.
Besides the Supreme Court, the High Courts also have been given a
role in the protection of fundamental rights. Under Art. 226 of the
constitution, High Courts also can issue writs for the enforcement of
fundamental rights.
The High Courts on the other can issue writs against infringement of
fundamental rights, as well as against contravention of ordinary law
of redress grievances arising therefrom.
Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus literally meansthat human person is sacred. Hence no man may
be detained illegally. Whenever a man is detained, he must be produced before a court. This writ is
a powerful safeguard against arbitrary (Illegal)arrest and detention.
Mandamusmeaning command, mandamus calls upon public servants to perform some duties.
Thus mandamus is issued against dereliction (Neglect)of duty.
Prohibitionas the very term prohibition suggests, this writ is issued by the Supreme Court or the
High Courts, to prohibit inferior courts under them to overstep their jurisdiction.
Criterionit enables a superior court of compels inferior courts to submit records of proceedings
to the higher court.
Quo warrantoliterally means by what right. This writ is issued to determine the legality of a
persons claim to public office. The purpose of this writ is to prevent usurpation (taking someone's
power or property by force) of a public office by an undesirable or, unqualified person.
Limitations
Firstly, Article 33 empower the Parliament to modify application of
fundamental rights to armed forces and the Police to ensure proper
discharge of their duties.
Secondly, under Article 34, during the operation of Martial law in any area,
the Parliament may indemnify any person in the service of the central or a
state government for acts for the maintenance or restoration of law and
order.
Thirdly, during emergency proclaimed under Art 352 of the constitution, the
fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizens, will remain suspended. Article
358 authorize the Parliament to restrict fundamental rights guaranteed by
Art 19 during the pendency of an emergency under Article 352.
Summary