19

The Emergence of Mass Society

in the Western World

The Industrial Regions of Europe at

the End of the Nineteenth Century

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

New Products and New Patterns

Toward a World Economy

Substitution of steel for iron

Electricity
Internal combustion engine
Increased industrial production
Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader
Europes two economic zones
Products from all over the world
Europe dominates
The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and Japan

Women and Work: New Job Opportunities

Organizing the Working Class

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895),

The Communist Manifesto

German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875

In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the

conditions of the worker
4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany

Second International
Revisionists

History is that of class struggles

Overthrow the bourgeoisie
Eventually there would be a classless society

Reject revolutionary approach and believed in reform

Trade Unions

Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s

4 million members by 1914 in Britain

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Population Growth in Europe,

1820-1900

The Emergence of Mass Society

New Urban Environment

Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the population
in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45
percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in
Germany (25 percent in 1800); and 30 percent in
eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800)
Migration from rural to urban

Improving living conditions

Boards of health set up
Clean water into the city

Expulsion of sewage

Housing needs
V.A. Huber
British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct

cheap housing for workers

The Social Structure of Mass Society

The Elite

The Middle Classes

5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of

wealth
Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy
Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class
Professionals
White-collar workers
Middle class values in the Victorian period

The Lower classes

80 percent of the European population

Agriculture
Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers

The Experiences of Women

Marriage and the Family

Difficulty for single women to earn a living
Most women married

Birth control
Female control of family size

Middle-class family
Men provided income and women focused on household and

child care
Fostered the idea of togetherness

Victorian ideas

Working-class families
Daughters work until married
1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the

husbands wages
Material consumption

Movement for Womens Rights

Fight to own property

Access to higher education by middle and upper-middle
class women
Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching, nursing
Demand for equal political rights
Most vocal was the British movement
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Womens Social and
Political Union, 1903
Suffragettes
Support of peace movements
The New Woman
Bertha von Suttner

Education in an Age of Mass

Society

In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier

middle class
Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began
to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls
between 6 and 12

State teacher training schools

Reasons:
Needs of industrialization
Need for an educated electorate
To instill patriotism

Compulsory elementary education created a demand for

teachers, most were women
Natural role of women

Leisure in an Age of Mass

Society
Created

by the industrial system

Transportation systems meant:
Working class could go to amusement parks,
dance halls, beaches, and team sporting
activities

The National State

Tradition and Change in Latin America

Exportation of foodstuffs to Europe and the United
States
Importation of finished goods
Overall situation:
Largely rural
Former slaves and Indians on the bottom
Growth in the middle sectors of society
Looked to the United States

Working class expanded

Growth of the working class led to industrialization
Industrialization led to the growth of unions

Elites still had the political influence

Political Change in Latin

America

Large landowners took a more direct interest in politics

Land owners might support dictators to ensure their
interests
Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico from 1876 1910
Francisco Madero came to power
Demands for agrarian reform led by Emiliano Zapata
The United States becomes the power in the west.

Rise of the United States

Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914

By 1900 out produced Britain in steel
Urbanization
By 1900, the US was the worlds richest nation, but:
9 percent of population owned 71 percent of the wealth
Unsafe working conditions, work discipline, and cycles of high
unemployment led to unions
The American Federation of Unions formed
Progressive Era
Reform
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
United States as a World Power
Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands and from the
Spanish-American War acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam,
and the Philippines

Growth of Canada
Quebec,

Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

1870
Manitoba, British Columbia 1871
William Laurier, 1896

Battleship Maine in Havana

Harbor, 1898

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Canada, 1871

Western Europe: The Growth of

Political Democracy

Britain

France

Two-party parliamentary system

By 1918 all males, over 21 could vote; women over 30
By 1900 the emergence of the Labour Party
Social Reforms that followed
National Insurance Act, 1911
Constitution of 1875; the Third Republic formed
Bicameral legislature, universal male suffrage, president, premier
the leader of government
Coalition governments had to be formed to stay in power

Italy

Industrial north and poverty-stricken south

Turmoil of labor and industry

Central and Eastern Europe:

Persistence of the Old Order

Germany

Lower house, Reichstag, elected by universal male suffrage

Ministers responsible to the emperor
Emperor commanded the armed forces and controlled foreign
policy
Emperor William II, 1888-1918
Demands for democracy
Movement to block democracy

Austria-Hungary

Dual Monarchy
Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848-1916
German minority
Problems of ethnic groups

Russia

Assassination of Alexander II in 1881

Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a mistake
Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with absolute
power
Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party
Revolt in 1905
Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905
Results of antigovernment rebellions

Europe in 1871

International Rivalries and the

Winds of War

Bismarck made alliances to preserve the new German state

Bismarck removed by William II in 1890
Resulting alliance system

Triple Alliance Germany, Austria, Italy

Triple Entente, 1907 Britain, France, Russia

Crisis in the Balkans

By 1878, Greece, Serbia, and Romania were independent

Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian protectorate
Bulgaria under Russian protectorate
Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908
Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia
Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913

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license.

The Balkans in 1878

The Balkans in 1913

Toward the Modern Consciousness:

Intellectual and Cultural Developments

A New Physics
Westerners and the mechanical conception of the
universe
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Theory of relativity
Energy of matter is equivalent to its mass times the square of

the velocity of light

Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Human behavior determined by the unconscious, past

experience, and internal forces

Repression begins in childhood

The Impact of Darwin: Social

Darwinism and Racism

Darwins ideas applied to human society

Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)
Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of the
Aryans
Anti-Semitism
In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto and
became assimilated into the cultures around them
Anti-Jewish parties
72 percent of worlds Jewish population lived in eastern
Europe
Movement to the United States and Palestine
Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
Zionism

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Palestine

Culture of Modernity

Symbolists

Art

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

Photography

Impressionism
Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)
Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)

Post-Impressionsim

Poetry, influenced by the ideas of Freud

Views

George Eastman

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

Visual reality

Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)

Discussion Questions

Compare and contrast the First and Second Industrial

Revolutions.
How did Marxism differ from its socialist antecedents?
Describe the key social changes of the second half of the
nineteenth century.
How did late nineteenth-century nationalism differ from
nationalism at the beginning of the century?
What was new about the new physics?