Chapter

20
The
Cardiovascular
System Blood
PowerPoint Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction
The cardiovascular system is like the
cooling system of a car.
Includes blood, the heart, and a network of blood
vessels
Provides a mechanism for the rapid transport of
nutrients, waste products, and cells within the body

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Functions of the Blood

Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue
that

Distributes nutrients, oxygen, and hormones

Carries metabolic wastes to the kidneys
Transports white blood cells
Maintains homeostasis

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Functions of the Blood

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Composition of the Blood

Whole blood consists of two components:
Plasma the liquid matrix; contains dissolved
proteins
Serum

Formed elements blood cells and cell

fragments suspended in the plasma
RBCs transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
WBCs support the immune system
Platelets aid in blood clotting

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Composition of the Blood

56 liters of blood in an adult man
45 liters in an adult woman
Blood volume
Hypovolemic = low
Normovolemic = normal
Hypervolemic = high

Alkaline pH (range of 7.35 to 7.45)

Temperature = 100.4F

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Composition of the Blood

Figure 20.1 The Composition of Whole Blood

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Composition of the Blood

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Composition of the Blood

Plasma
Resembles interstitial fluid but:
The concentrations of dissolved oxygen and carbon
dioxide are higher, and
It contains significant quantities of dissolved proteins.

Approximately 7% of plasma is made up of

proteins.
Three major classes of plasma proteins:
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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Formed Elements

TABLE 20.3 A Review of the Formed Elements of the Blood

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Formed Elements
Red blood cells (RBC) or erythrocytes
Most numerous cell
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Usually degenerate after roughly 120 days in
circulation
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Accounts for more than 95% of the RBCs proteins
Give RBCs the ability to transport oxygen and carbon
dioxide

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Formed Elements

Figure 20.2 Histology of Red Blood Cells

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Formed Elements

Figure 20.3 The Structure of Hemoglobin

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Formed Elements

Figure 20.4 Blood Typing

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Formed Elements

TABLE 20.4 Differences in Blood Group Distribution

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Formed Elements
White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytes
Defend body against pathogens and remove toxins,
wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells
Two classes:
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils (acidophils)
Basophils

Agranular leukocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

Show chemotaxis (the attraction to specific chemicals)

and diapedesis (the ability to move through vessel
walls)
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Formed Elements

Figure 20.5 Histology of White Blood Cells

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Formed Elements
Platelets
Not cells; they are membrane-enclosed packets of
cytoplasm
Released into blood by megakaryocytes,
enormous cells in the bone marrow
Circulate for 10 12 days before being removed
by phagocytes; continually replaced
Functions
Transport chemicals important for clotting
Temporarily patch the walls of damaged blood vessels
Causing contraction after a clot has formed to reduce
the size of the break in the vessel wall
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Formed Elements

Figure 20.6 Histology of Megakaryocytes and Platelet Formation

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Formed Elements

Figure 20.7 Structure of a Blood Clot

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Hemopoiesis
The process of blood cell formation
Stem cells or pluripotential stem cells (PPSC)
divide to form all of the blood cells.
Give rise to myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem
cells

Original blood cells form in developing

blood vessels.
Spleen and liver contribute in fetal blood cell
development
Red bone marrow takes over in postnatal life
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Hemopoiesis

Figure 20.8 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed Elements

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings