Cells and

Organelles
Patterns in Nature

Cells
Smallest living unit
Most are microscopic

Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed sliver of cork
Saw row of empty boxes
Coined the term cell

Cell theory
(1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
all living things are made of cells
(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
all cells come from cells

Principles of Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells
Smallest living unit of structure and function of all
organisms is the cell
All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle
discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)

Cell Size

Characteristics of all cells

A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles structures for cell function
Control center with DNA

Cell Types
Procaryotic
Eucaryotic

Procaryotic Cells
First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

Procaryotic Cells
No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes

Eucaryotic Cells
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many organelles

Representative Animal
Cell

Representative Plant Cell

Organelles
Cellular machinery
Small structures inside a cell with specific functions

Plasma Membrane (cell

membrane)
Contains cell contents
Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell selectively
permeable
Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

Cell Walls

Found in plants, fungi, & many protists

Surrounds plasma membrane
Provides support for the cell and the plant
Built up of strands of cellulose fibres, which are slightly elastic and
flexible
Some are thickened with lignin , making the walls hard and woody

Cytoplasm
Viscous fluid containing organelles
Components of cytoplasm

Interconnected filaments & fibres

Fluid = cytosol
Organelles (not nucleus)
storage of substances

Cytoskeleton
Filaments & fibers
Made of 3 fiber types
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

3 functions:
mechanical support
anchor organelles
help move substances

Cilia & Flagella

Flagella

Provide motility
Cilia
many short fibres
Used to move
substances outside
human cells

Flagella
1 long fibre
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells

Cilia

Cilia & Flagella Structure

Bundles of microtubules
With plasma membrane

Centrioles
Pairs of microtubular structures
Help divide the cell during cell
division
Found near nucleus and animal cells
Together is called a centrosome

Membranous Organelles
Functional components within cytoplasm
Bound by membranes

Nucleus
Control center of
cell
Regulates DNA &
RNA actions.
Double membrane
Contains
Chromosomes
Nucleolus

Nuclear Envelope (nuclear

membrane)

Separates nucleus from rest of cell

Regulates what enters or exits the nucleus.
Double membrane of lipids
Has pores

Nucleolus
Produces RNA, which are used to
make all proteins
Inside Nucleus, separate from
DNA
Most cells have 2 or more
Forms ribosomes

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

Hereditary material
Made up of nucleotides, locked in the
nucleus
Contains information on how to make
proteins.
Chromatin unorganized DNA (normal
state)
Chromosomes organized DNA (present
before cell division

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transportation route for proteins.
- Rough ER: has ribosomes
- Smooth ER: no ribosomes

Network of interconnected membranes (tubes and

channels)
Highly folded for increased SA

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

(RER)
Ribosomes attached to surface
Manufacture proteins
Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER

May modify proteins from ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)
No attached ribosomes
Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids

Ribsomes
Small circular
organelles
Site of protein
synthesis
Small and round
shape increases
SA

Golgi Apparatus

Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall

Packages, labels and ships proteins out of the cell.
Series of flattened disc-shaped stacks of membranes
Surface is called forming face and this is where
vesicles bud off

Golgi Apparatus Function

1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to
secrete contents

Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes
Small membrane-bound organelles
Functions
Aid in cell renewal
Break down old cell parts
Digests invaders

Vacuoles
Membrane bound storage sacs
More common in plants than
animals
Contents
Water
Food
wastes

Mitochondria
Have their own DNA
Bound by double membrane, the inner one is
tucked and folded inside
Increased SA due to folding of inner membrane

Mitochondria
Break down fuel molecules (cellular
respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids

Release energy
ATP

Chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis
(converting solar
energy and CO2 into
sugar)
Membrane bound
organelles that
contain chlorophyll
Contain dense sets
of membranes
(thylakoids) like a
stack of coins
(grana) separated

Increased SA due
to stacking of
membranes

Table. A list of the major organelles, which microscope

you need to view them and their location in animal and
plant cells
Organelle
Viewed under LM, Located in
EM or both
Animal, Plant cell
or both
Nucleus

Both

Both

Plasma/cell
membrane

Both

Both

Cytoplasm

Both

Both

Cell wall

Both

Plant

Chloroplast

Both

Plant

Vacuole

Both

Mostly plant

Mitochondria

EM

Both

Ribosome

EM

Both

Golgi body

EM

Both

Endoplasmic
reticulum

EM

Both

Lysosomes

EM

Mostly animal

Centrioles

EM

Animal