Static Model Development

-- Kunal
Kunal Rathod
Rathod
Final
Final year
year petroleum
petroleum engineering
engineering student
student of
of
School
School of
of Petroleum
Petroleum Technology,
Technology, Raisan
Raisan
Year
Year :: 2012-13
2012-13

Static model development |

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5

.
This
This presentation
presentation is
is aa part
part of
of our
our B.Tech
B.Tech project
project A
A
comprehensive
comprehensive study
study of
of effect
effect of
of well
well spacing
spacing on
on
ultimate
ultimate recovery.
recovery.

Static model development |

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5

Introduction to static reservoir

modeling
For decision making and improving the
estimation of reserves; a computer model of
a reservoir is constructed which we call as
The Reservoir Model.

Building the model

Real Model

Computer Model
How ??
CLICK HERE FOR MORE INFO

So this is how it
may be
done!!?

roduction to static reservoir modelin

Geocellular modeling
It is a way to describe the subsurface in 3D
space (mathematically), which is constrained
by a structural and stratigraphic framework.
In a laymans language, it is the process of
generating the model/prototype of the
subsurface. This model will resemble the real
reservoir model.
The physical properties of the reservoir are
stored at the grid points or at the centers of
gravity (3D voxels).

So the first thing is to define the

GRID

troduction to static reservoir modelin

Grid
The simulation grid is the definition of how we
divide, or discretize, space in order to solve
the differential equations numerically.
Common grid co-ordinate system includes
Cartesian
Cylindrical
Corner Point
Curvilinear

Grid Simulation |
Selection of proper GRID
It is necessary that the grid that is defined should have desired
level of accuracy in the solution of the flow equations; properly
represents the reservoir geology; locations of wells, boundaries,
faults, etc. and has the lowest computer memory and time
requirements to solve the problem.
Common rules of constructing GRID
In case of cylindrical grid system, the grid spacing is at
logarithmic scale
difference.
The grid spacing should be such that the adjacent block size
should not increase by the factor more that 3.
Even the pressure drop between the blocks should not
decrease by 30-20 %.
Reservoir flow units should be separated by grid block
boundaries.
Vertical discretization should be fine enough for accurate
accounting of gas percolation and migration and/or gravity override or under-ride

Grid Simulation |

using CMG simulator (version 2007.1)

GRID type
(Cartesian, corner
or cylindrical)

# of grid blocks in x, y
and z direction
respectively

Here, 10 is width
of the block and
3 is the # of
blocks in each
direction

Grid Simulation |
Date @ which
simulation
starts

A block with
width 10m
each in x, y &
z direction

using CMG simulator (version 2007.1)

Static model development |

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3

Once
Once the
the GRID
GRID is
is defined
defined properly
properly all
all we
we need
need to
to do
do is
is
to
to give
give LIFE
LIFE to
to our
our model
model

Which
Which
can
can be
be done
done in
in 44 stages
stages ::
.

Structural
Structural Modeling
Modeling

Stratigraphic
Stratigraphic Modeling
Modeling

Section 4
Section 5

Lithological
Lithological Modeling
Modeling

Petrophysical
Petrophysical Modeling
Modeling

Static model development |

Section
1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5

Structural modeling
.

Identifying
Identifying the
the Structural
Structural top
top &
&
Interpreting
Interpreting the
the set
set of
of faults
faults

Structural Modeling |Using Petrel 2009 Seismic Simu

Identifying structural top
Structural top identification means recognizing
the geometric structure of hydrocarbon trap.
The workflow(in petrel) for the same would be :
Load SEG-Y format data.
Interpret it manually.
Full range of tools allows us to take a traditional
line-by-line approach combined with the latest
algorithms and tools including amplitude &
waveform based tracking for best interpretation,
allowing us to achieve rapid results

Structural Modeling |Using Petrel 2009 Seismic Simu

Interpreting set of faults
Since the presence of fault/set of faults directly
makes a huge difference to the field development
plan and production characteristicswe need to
carefully investigate its presence.
Fault can be interpreted in the same way (as we
seen the workflow in case of structural top).
But consider only Sealing faults !!!
BUT STILL
THERE CAN BE NUMEROUS FAULTS
SO, MANUAL INTERPRETATION BECOMES
TEDIOUS !

Structural Modeling |Using Petrel 2009 Seismic Simu

So many
faults
Can we do
it
automatica
lly ???..

Structural Modeling |Using Petrel 2009 Seismic Simu

The Petrel Automated Structural
Interpretation module uses an
advanced computing algorithm
"Ant
Tracking" to overcome the
tedious task.
Benefits :
Increases structural
accuracy
and detail & thus
provides
unbiased,
repeatable & highly
detailed
mapping of discontinuities.
Significantly reduces
tedious
manual
interpretation time.

All u need is
ANT TRACKING
module

Structural Modeling |Using Petrel 2009 Seismic Simu

The Ant Tracking workflow consists of four independent steps:
Enhance the spatial discontinuities in your
seismic data using any edge detection algorithm
(i.e. variance, chaos, edge detection) and
Step 1
optionally, pre-condition your seismic data by
reducing noise.

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Generate the Ant Track Cube and extract the fault

patches.

Validate and edit the fault patches.

Create final fault interpretation model.

Static model development |

Section
1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5

Stratigraphic modeling
.

Well-to-Well
Well-to-Well correlation
correlation ::

The
The basic
basic data
data used
used for
for well-to-well
well-to-well correlations
correlations
are
are the
the logs
logs recorded
recorded in
in open
open hole
hole or
or cased
cased hole,
hole, and
and
cores.
cores.

Stratigraphic
Modeling |Analytical approach

Analytically
Analytically the
the best
best technique
technique to
to establish
establish the
the correlation
correlation
between
between the
the geological
geological units
units is
is by
by using
using the
the sequence
sequence stratigraphic
stratigraphic
method.
method.

As
As per
per this
this technique
technique the
the deposition
deposition of
of sedimentary
sedimentary bodies
bodies is
is
governed
governed by
by the
the combined
combined effects
effects of
of changes
changes in
in sea-level,
sea-level,
sedimentation,
sedimentation, subsidence
subsidence and
and tectonics.
tectonics.

On
On this
this basis,
basis, we
we can
can identify
identify sequences
sequences of
of different
different hierarchical
hierarchical
order
order within
within aa
geological
geological unit
unit that
that are
are separated
separated by
by
sequence
sequence boundaries
boundaries which
which represent
represent
Unconformities
Unconformities or
or maximum
maximum flooding
flooding
surfaces.
surfaces.

Stratigraphic Modeling |Analytical approach

Biostratigraph
y

Production data
(density, GOR
etc.)

Stratigraphic Modeling |Analytical approach

Drilling Data
(ROP)

Formation &
Pore pressure

Stratigraphic Modeling |Petrel v2009 Simulator

In
In Petrel
Petrel we
we can
can display
display and
and organize
organize your
your logs
logs in
in aa flexible
flexible 2D
2D
visualization
visualization environment.
environment.

Stratigraphic Modeling |Petrel v2009 Simulator

A
A flexible
flexible 2D
2D canvas
canvas allows
allows simultaneous
simultaneous display
display of
of logs,
logs, seismic,
seismic, 3D
3D
grid,
grid, and
and simulation
simulation results.
results.

tratigraphic Modeling | Petrel v2009 Simulator

The workflow for correlation can
be given as follows :
[1] Import well log las-file
data :
By importing well trajectories,
well deviations and logs(las file)
you can pick/select any horizon
top and analysis it.
[2] Create cross sections :
Under window option select
new well section window.
Then you can select the #of
wells (to display their cross
section)
Then after you can carry out
other secondary operations
(colorfill, thickness etc.)

tratigraphic Modeling | Petrel v2009 Simulator

[3] Revise formation top picks &
compare:
Pick horizon tops in the well
panel and see the effects directly
in 3D, or vice versa.
Now you can compare the
required section of the well log to
other sections by using ghost
curve option in the right hand
side bar of petrel.
Using ghost curve you can clip
out a small section of your
seismic and drag it over to other
parts to correlate across
faults.
(refer to next slide)

tratigraphic Modeling | Petrel v2009 Simulator

Now after selecting the portion,
you can drag it to the other
portion of the log to figure out
the similarity between them.
(see the yellow curves in box)
This operation is called ghosting.
[4] Evaluate real-time updated
picks in 2D and 3D
interpretation windows :
You can view the real time
updated picks by turning ON
(simply click on it) the well
section fence.

Static model development |

Section
1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5

Lithological modeling
Identifying
Identifying and
and recovering
recovering hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons requires
requires
an
an accurate,
accurate, high-resolution
high-resolution geological
geological model
model of
of the
the
.
reservoir
reservoir
structure
structure and
and stratigraphy.
stratigraphy.

Sedimentological
Sedimentological Model
Model
Classification
Classification of
of facies
facies
3D
3D distribution
distribution of
of facies
facies

Lithological Modeling |

As
As aa rule,
rule, facies
facies Modeling
Modeling can
can be
be performed
performed using
using appropriate
appropriate
deterministic
deterministic or
or stochastic
stochastic functions
functions which
which allow
allow us
us to
to generate
generate 2
2 or
or
3
3 dimensional
dimensional spatial
spatial distributions
distributions of
of significant
significant characteristics,
characteristics, such
such
as
as porosity
porosity and
and permeability,
permeability, directly
directly from
from well
well data.
data.

The
The idea
idea behind
behind this
this procedure
procedure is
is that
that the
the petrophysical
petrophysical
characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the reservoir
reservoir can
can be
be considered
considered intimately
intimately linked
linked
to
to the
the lithological
lithological facies.
facies.

In
In practical
practical terms,
terms, the
the lithological
lithological model
model of
of aa reservoir
reservoir is
is
constructed
constructed by
by integrating
integrating an
an ideal
ideal representation
representation of
of the
the reservoir
reservoir
(sedimentological
(sedimentological model),
model), aa classification
classification stage
stage (definition
(definition of
of facies)
facies)
and
and aa spatial
spatial distribution
distribution stage
stage (three-dimensional
(three-dimensional model).
model).

Lithological Modeling |
.

Classification
of facies
Sedimentolog
ical Model

3D
distribution of
facies

Lithological Modeling

Lithological Modeling |
.

Example of a stochastic model of

facies

Static model development |

Section
1

Petrophysical modeling

Section 2

Section 3
Section 4
Section 5

Deterministic
Deterministic Model
Model
Stochastic
Stochastic Model
Model

Petrophysical Modeling |using Petrel v2004

The
The values
values between
between the
the cells
cells are
are
interpolated
interpolated by
by various
various
.techniques.
techniques. Two
Two of
of the
the important
important
techniques
techniques are:
are:
Deterministic
Deterministic Model
Model
Stochastic
Stochastic Model
Model
Deterministic
Deterministic Model
Model
It
It uses
uses moving
moving average
average method,
method,
based
based on
on inverse
inverse distance
distance
weighting.
weighting.
Open
Open the
the petrophysical
petrophysical process
process
option
option from
from the
the menu.(this
menu.(this will
will
open
open aa dialog
dialog box)
box)
From
From the
the dialog
dialog box,
box, select
select Use
Use
Existing
Existing Property
Property and
and select
select the
the
Porosity
Porosity property
property as
as the
the property
property
to
to be
be modeled
modeled from
from the
the drop
drop
down
down menu.
menu.

Select the Moving average as

.. all other
the Method; leave
settings as default.
Click on OK; display the
model in 3D window and it
would appear like :

Petrophysical
Modeling
|
using Petrel v2004
Stochastic
Stochastic Model
Model
This
This method
method uses
uses Sequential
Sequential
Gaussian Simulation
Simulation method.
method. To
To
.Gaussian
create
create stochastic
stochastic Modeling
Modeling follow
follow
the
the given
given steps:
steps:

Open
Open the
the Petrophysical
Petrophysical
Modeling
Modeling process.
process. Go
Go to
to the
the Use
Use
Existing
Existing
property
property and
and select
select Porosity
Porosity from
from
the
the drop-down
drop-down list.
list.
Activate
Activate the
the required
required zone
zone by
by
clicking
clicking on
on the
the zone
zone tab.
tab.
Select
Select Sequential
Sequential Gaussian
Gaussian
Simulation
Simulation as
as the
the method
method to
to use.
use.
In
In variogram
variogram tab,
tab, select
select the
the
Variogram
Variogram type.
type. In
In it
it select
select the
the
Major
Major
Range,
Range, Minor
Minor Range,
Range, Vertical
Vertical
Range
Range and
and Azimuth.
Azimuth. Then
Then after
after
click
click on
on OK
OK and
and create
create the
the
property
property model.
model.

..
Stochastic method
: user
defined variogram and
range.

References |
Journal article, organization as author :
ESSCA Group, L'ESSCA, la Grande Ecole directement Petrel 2009 Seismic to
Simulation Software, 2009.
Petrel-A Schlumberger product group, Release notes; Petrel Workflow Tools
2004, November 2004.
.
Encyclopaedia on the Internet :
Portale Treccani. L'enciclopedia Italiana; Oil Field Characteristics and
Relevant Studies [Internet] , Italy Inc.; 2008, Available from :
http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/oil-field-characteristics-and-relevant-studie
s_(altro)/
Part of an Internet website :
West Virginia University, Department of Geology and Geography [Homepage
on Internet], West Virginia : The University; c2008, Available from :
http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~wilson/casi/