Seminar

on

INSTRUCTION COMPRESSION
TECHNIQUES

Guided byProf. Dr. M. S. Nagmode

Presented byKarishma Kolhatkar (ME E-1436)

Priyanka Patil
(ME E-1432)

Contents
Introduction
Bits

Per Instruction
Need for Compression
Instruction Compression
Instruction Decompression
Compressing
Instruction
Stream
Requirements
Techniques
Employed
to
Reduce
Instruction Size and Bandwidth
References

Introduction
Feature

of GPP- need for instructions to control

device operations
Efficiency of handling the applications, of any
architecture is determined by
Controlling of general purpose processing
resources
Area dedicated to hold the controlling
instructions
No. of resources controlled per instruction
Bandwidth
provided
for
instruction
distribution
How frequently the instructions can change

Bits per instruction

Definition

: The number of bits in an

instruction
Processor
32 bits per instruction
Instructions
describes
average, about 0.5
evaluations
FPGA
120 200 bits per 4-LUT

on
an
0.6 gate

Need for Compression

Limitation- embedded systems use processors

which have small addresses spaces for

programs
Larger program, lesser the probability of
residing the code in I-cache
Such missing code fragments is loaded from
main memory thereby reducing the overall
performance
Code increase can be attributed to Embedded applications are becoming more
complex
Aggressive (VLIW) compiler optimizations for code
speed (ILP enhancement) also increases code size

Instruction Compression
After

the code generation and register

allocation, the generated code stream
are analyzed to search for pattern
The pattern checker finds all distinct
pattern and counts the frequency of
occurrence throughout the code stream
Those patterns with highest frequency
of usage are assigned an opcode, the
sequence of instructions for that
opcode is saved in ROM

Instruction Decompression
During

instruction fetch, the decoder

checks the opcode of the incoming
instruction
During instruction decode, if the decoder
encounters a compressed instruction, the
entire sequence of instructions is retrieved
from ROM
It is dispatched through the execution
pipeline one instruction per cycle
Instruction fetch from the program memory
is stalled until the sequence completes

Compressing Instruction
Stream Requirements
We

cannot afford to have full independent

cycle by cycle control of every bit
operation without instruction storage and
distribution requirements
Need for application to compute compactly
With
high performance systems, the
bandwidth in the I-cache can be the
limiting factor for execution speed

Techniques employed to reduce instruction size

and bandwidth

Wide

Word Architectures
Broadcast Single Instruction to Multiple Stage
Units
Locally Configure Instruction
Broadcast Instruction Identifier, Lookup in
Local Store
Encode Length by Likelihood
Mode Bits for Early Bound Information
Themes

Wide Word Architectures

Processors

do not, commonly, operate

on single bit data items
Sets of w bit elements are grouped
together and controlled by a single
instruction in SIMD cycle
Reduced instruction bandwidth and
instruction storage requirement by a
factor of w

Broadcast Single
Instruction to Multiple
Compute Units
Same

instruction is shared by the

multiple functional units operating on
different words
This results in scaling up of the
number of bit operators without
increasing word granularity or
instruction bandwidth
However, it increases operation
granularity

Locally Configure
Instruction
Small

instruction bandwidth is needed

if the instructions do not change on
every cycle
Each bit processing element gets its
own, unique instruction which is
stored locally
Limited bandwidth path is used to
change array instruction when
necessary

Broadcast Instruction
Identifier, Lookup in Local
Store
Hybrid

form of instruction compression

Single
instruction
identifier
is
broadcasted and it look up its
meaning locally
This results in short, single instruction
across the entire array

Encode Length by
Likelihood
Un-uniformity

in use of instruction
Instructions are divided into smaller
words giving common instruction,
short encoding
Instruction bandwidth is reduced by a
factor of
s
[log2(|instruction|)]

Mode Bits for Early Bound Information

All

bits in an instruction do not always

need to change at once
Include
the infrequently changing
portions of the instruction
Those portions are factored out of the
broadcast instruction
Explicitly loaded with new values only
when they need to change

Themes
Granularity : How many resources
are controlled by each instruction?
Local Configuration Memory : How
many instructions are stored locally
per active computing elements?

University Questions :
Write

a short note on instruction compression

What

is the need of instruction compression?

Give

different techniques and explain the

same with one suitable example for RD.

Which

method of instruction compression will

you suggest for reconfigurable device? Why?
Draw the schematic in detail to explore.

References
Reconfigurable

architectures for
general purpose computing Andre
Dehon
An instruction stream compression
technique P. Bird and T. Mudge
http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/resea
rcher/files/us-lefurgy/micro30.net.com
press.pdf

Thank you