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Introduction To Statistics

Statistics :-

Statistics is a discipline of study dealing with the collection, analysis,


interpretation, and presentation of data.

Types Of Statistics : Descriptive Statistics


Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Statistics :-

The use of graphs, charts, and tables and the calculation of various
statistical measures to organize and summarize information is called
descriptive statistics.
It help to reduce our information to a manageable size and put it into
focus.

Inferential Statistics: Population And


Sample :-

Inferential statistics consists of techniques for reaching


conclusions about a population based upon information contained
in a sample.
The complete collection of individuals, items, or data under
consideration in a statistical study is referred to as the

Variable, Observation, And Data Set

A characteristic of interest concerning the individual elements of a


population or a sample is called a variable.
A variable is often represented by a letter such as x, y, or z.
The value of a variable for one particular element from the sample or
population is called an Observation.
A data set consists of the observations of a variable for the elements
of a sample.

Quantitative Variable: Discrete And Continuous


Variable

A quantitative variable is determined when the description of the


characteristic of interest results in a numerical value. When a
measurement is required to describe the characteristic of interest or it
is necessary to perform a count to describe the characteristic, a
quantitative variable is defined.
A discrete variable is a quantitative variable whose values are
countable. Discrete variables usually result from counting.(The
number of defective needles in boxes of 100 diabetic Syringes)
A continuous variable is a quantitative variable that can assume
any numerical
value over an interval or over several intervals. A continuous variable
usually results from making a measurement of some type.(The

Qualitative Variable
A qualitative variable is determined when the description
of the characteristic of interest results in a non-numerical
value. A qualitative variable may be classified into two or
more categories.
Example Gender (Male or Female)

Levels Or Scales Of
Measurement

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

Nominal- Scale

The nominal scale applies to data that are used for category
identification.
The nominal level of measurement is characterized by data that
consist of names, labels, or categories only.
Nominal scale data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme.
The arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division are not performed for nominal data.
Example Blood type or Religion

Ordinal Scale

The ordinal scale applies to data that can be arranged in some order,
but differences between data values either cannot be determined or
are meaningless.
The ordinal level of measurement is characterized by data that applies
to categories that can be ranked.
Arithmetic operations are not performed on ordinal level data, but an
ordering scheme exists.

INTERVAL Scale

The interval scale applies to data that can be arranged in some order
and for which differences in data values are meaningful.
The interval level of measurement results from counting or measuring.
Interval scale data can be arranged in an ordering scheme and
differences can be calculated and interpreted.
The value zero is arbitrarily chosen for interval data and does not imply
an absence of
the characteristic being measured.
Ratios are not meaningful for interval data.
Other Example:
Temperature
Score

Ratio Scale

The ratio scale applies to data that can be ranked and for which all
arithmetic operations including division can be performed.
Division by zero is, of course, excluded.
The ratio level of measurement results from counting or measuring.
Ratio scale data can be arranged in an ordering scheme and
differences and ratios can be calculated and interpreted.
Ratio level data has an absolute zero and a value of zero indicates a
complete absence of the characteristic of interest.

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