Lecture 01

COMP1161
Introduction
to
Object-oriented Programming
Lecture 1
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Outline
Object-Oriented Programming
The Java Programming Language
Java Syntax
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Problem Solving
The purpose of writing a program is to solve a
problem
Solving a problem consists of multiple activities:
Understand the problem

Design a solution
Consider alternatives and refine the solution
Implement the solution
Test the solution
These activities are not purely linear they

overlap and interact
Problem Solving
The key to designing a solution is breaking it
down into manageable pieces
When writing software, we design separate
pieces that are responsible for certain parts of the
solution
An object-oriented approach lends itself to this
kind of solution decomposition
We will dissect our solutions into pieces called
objects and classes
Java is an object-oriented programming language
As the term implies, an object is a fundamental
entity in a Java program
Objects can be used effectively to represent realworld entities
For instance, an object might represent a particular
employee in a company
Each employee object handles the processing and
data management related to that employee
Objects
An object has:
state - descriptive characteristics
behaviors - what it can do (or what can be done to it)
Name of object
_______________________
Attributes
_______________________
Behaviours
Objects
Consider a bank account
The state of a bank account includes its account number and its
current balance
The behaviors associated with a bank account include the ability
to make deposits and withdrawals
Account
______________________________
int accountNum
float curr_balance
______________________________
deposit (float amount)
withdrawal (float amount
Note that the behavior of an object might change its state

Classes
An object is defined by a class
A class is the blueprint of an object
The class uses methods to define the behaviors of
the object
A class represents a concept, and an object
represents the embodiment of that concept
Multiple objects can be created from the same
class
Class = Blueprint
One blueprint to create several similar, but different,
houses:
Objects and Classes

A class
(the concept)
Bank
Account
An object
(the realization)
Johns Bank Account
Balance: $5,257
Bills Bank Account
Balance: $1,245,069
Multiple objects
from the same class
Marys Bank Account

Balance: $16,833
Objects and Classes

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is mainly
concerned with knowing how to write classes
There are several programming languages that are
specially designed to support OOP (C++ and Java
are perhaps the most popular ones)
In this course, we will use Java to learn OOP
However, many of the concepts we will discover are
not unique to Java
Most of the concepts are general OOP concepts
Outline
Java Syntax
Expressions
Data Conversion
Java
The Java programming language was created by
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has
grown quickly since
A programming language specifies the words and
symbols that we can use to write a program
A programming language employs a set of rules
that dictate how the words and symbols can be put
together to form valid program statements
Java
All Java code is written in classes
A class also contains methods. A method is like a
function in other programming languages
For example, a bank account will have methods named
deposit, withdraw, and getBalance..
Methods perform actions on the information that is

stored in an object.
.
Structure of a Java Class

public class MyProgram
class header
declares the name
of the class among
other things.
class body is where
the Java code for the
class is written.
Code will include
methods along with
variables that store
inforrmaion.
Curly brackets
(braces) are very
important in Java.
They mark the
start and end of
section of codes.
A Simple Java Application

A Java application can contain many classes
Each class can contain many methods
There is always one class which contains a
method named main.
The main method is the method that is executed when
the application is run
The simplest Java application is therefore a single

class with just one method (the main method)

public class Mileage
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int miles;
double gallons, mpg;
miles = 100;
gallons = 5;
mpg = miles / gallons;
System.out.println (Miles/Gallon: " +
mpg);
}
}
The name of this class is Mileage


{
{
int miles;
miles = 100;
gallons = 5;
mpg);
}
}
The class has a single method named main.


{
{
int miles;
miles = 100;
gallons = 5;
mpg);
}
}
The method declares some variables that store

information..

{
{
int miles;
miles = 100;
gallons = 5;
mpg);
}
}
.does some calculations..


{
{
int miles;
miles = 100;
gallons = 5;
mpg);
}
}
.and displays a result ..

Can you say what is output?
Java Syntax
Identifiers
Identifiers are the "words" in a program
As the name implies, an identifier is a word that is used to
uniquely name something that is used in a program
A class name is an identifier (e.g. Mileage)
A method name is an identifier (e.g. main)
An variables name is an identifier (e.g. miles)
Java Syntax
Rules for Identifiers
A Java identifier can be made up of letters, digits, the
underscore character ( _ ), and the dollar sign
Identifiers cannot begin with a digit
Java is case sensitive: Total, total, and TOTAL
are different identifiers
By convention, programmers use different case styles for
different types of identifiers, such as
title case for class names - Lincoln
upper case for constants MAXIMUM
variable names start with a lower case letter
Java Syntax
Java reserved words (you cannot use any of
these for your own identifiers.
abstract
assert
boolean
break
byte
case
catch
char
class
const
continue
default
do
double
else
enum
extends
false
final
finally
float
for
goto
if
implements
import
instanceof
int
interface
long
native
new
null
package
private
protected
public
return
short
static
strictfp
super
switch
synchronized
this
throw
throws
transient
true
try
void
volatile
while
Quick Check
Which of the following are valid Java identifiers?
grade
quizGrade
NetworkConnection
frame2
3rdTestScore
MAXIMUM
MIN_CAPACITY
student#
Shelves1&2
Quick Check
Which of the following are valid Java identifiers?
grade
Valid
quizGrade
Valid
NetworkConnection
Valid
frame2
Valid
3rdTestScore
Invalid cannot begin with a digit
MAXIMUM
Valid
MIN_CAPACITY
Valid
student#
Invalid cannot contain the '#' character
Shelves1&2
Invalid cannot contain the '&' character

Java Syntax
Curly brackets (braces) are used to mark the start
and end of sections of code.
The class body is between two braces
The method is encapsulated inside the braces
A semicolon is used to mark the end of a

statement
Java programs use variables and expressions just
as other programming languages do
BUT
Variables must declared prior to first use and each
variables type must be explicitly declared.
Java Syntax
Variables
A variable declaration specifies the variable's name
and the type of information that it will hold
data type
variable name
int miles;
Multiple variables can be created in one declaration
We will discuss data types in the next section

Java Syntax
Variable Initialization
A variable can be given an initial value in the declaration
int sum = 0;
int base = 32, max = 149;
When a variable is referenced in a program, its

current value is used (you know this already)
Java Syntax
Constants
A constant is similar to a variable except that it holds
the same value during its entire existence
As the name implies, it is constant, not variable
An error message is issued when you run your
program if you try to change the value of a constant
In Java, we use the reserved word final to declare
a constant
final int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;
This is called a
modifier. More
on this later
Java Syntax
Constants are useful for three important reasons
1. They give meaning to otherwise unclear literal values
Example: MAX_LOAD means more than the literal

250
2. They facilitate program maintenance
If a constant is used in multiple places, its value

need only be set in one place
3. They formally establish that a value should not change,

avoiding inadvertent errors by other programmers
Java Syntax
White Space
Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are called white space
White space is used to separate words and symbols in a
program
Extra white space is ignored
A valid Java program can be formatted many ways
Programs should be formatted to enhance readability,
using consistent indentation
Java Syntax
//********************************************************************
// Lincoln2.java
Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// White space does not count
//********************************************************************
public
{
class
Lincoln2
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Prints a presidential quote.

//----------------------------------------------------------------public
static
void main
(String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("A quote by Abraham Lincoln:")
;
System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.")
;
}
}
The extra spaces will be ignored:

Java Syntax
Indentation
Unlike Python code, Java code is indented only to aid readability
Indentation does not affect the meaning of the code;

{
int miles = 10;
gallons;
double
This is valid syntax but terrible programming style.

Java Syntax
Comments
Comments should be included to explain the purpose of
the program and describe processing steps
You will find
They do not affect how a program works
Java comments can take three forms:
that you use

this type
most
// this comment runs to the end of the line

/*
this comment runs to the terminating

symbol, even across line breaks
/** this is a javadoc comment
*/
*/
More on this
type later in
the course
Outline
Java Primitive Data Types
Java Expressions
Data Conversion
Primitive Data
There are eight primitive (simple) data types in
Java
Four of them represent integers:
byte, short, int, long
Two of them represent floating point numbers:

float, double
One of them represents characters:

char
And one of them represents boolean values:

boolean
Numeric Primitive Data Types

The difference between the numeric primitive types
is their size and the values they can store:
Type
Storage Min Value
Max Value
byte
short
int
long
8 bits
16 bits
32 bits
64 bits
-128
127
-32,768
32,767
-2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
> 9 x 1018
< -9 x 1018
float
double
32 bits
64 bits
+/- 3.4 x 1038 with 7 significant digits

+/- 1.7 x 10308 with 15 significant digit
Characters
A char variable stores a single character
Character literals are delimited by single quotes:
'a'
'X'
'7'
'$'
','
'\n'
Example declarations:
char topGrade = 'A';
char terminator = ';', separator = ' ';
Note the difference between a primitive character

variable, which holds only one character, and a
String object, which can hold multiple characters
Boolean
A boolean value represents a true or false
condition
The reserved words true and false are the
only valid values for a boolean type
boolean done = false;
A boolean variable can also be used to represent

any two states, such as a light bulb being on or off
Outline
Java Syntax
Expressions
Data Conversion
Expressions
An expression is a combination of one or more
operators and operands
Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results
and make use of the arithmetic operators:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Remainder
+
*
/
%
Division and Remainder

If both operands to the division operator (/) are
integers, the result is an integer (the fractional part
is discarded)
14 / 3
8 / 12
equals
equals
4
0
The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder

after dividing the first operand by the second
14 % 3
8 % 12
equals
equals
2
8
Quick Check
What are the results of the following expressions?
12 / 2
12.0 / 2.0
10 / 4
10 / 4.0
4 / 10
4.0 / 10
12 % 3
10 % 3
3 % 10
Quick Check
What are the results of the following expressions?
12 / 2
12.0 / 2.0
10 / 4
10 / 4.0
4 / 10
4.0 / 10
12 % 3
10 % 3
3 % 10
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
6
6.0
2
2.5
0
0.4
0
1
0
Operator Precedence
Operators can be combined into larger expressions
result
total + count / max - offset;
Operators have a well-defined precedence which

determines the order in which they are evaluated
Multiplication, division, and remainder are evaluated
before addition, subtraction, and string
concatenation
Arithmetic operators with the same precedence are
evaluated from left to right, but parentheses can be
used to force the evaluation order
Increment and Decrement

The increment (++) and decrement (--) operators
use only one operand
The statement
count++;
is functionally equivalent to
count = count + 1;
Increment and Decrement

The increment and decrement operators can be
applied in postfix form:
count++
or prefix form:
++count
When used as part of a larger expression, the two
forms can have different effects
Because of their subtleties, the increment and
decrement operators should be used with care
Assignment Operators
Often we perform an operation on a variable, and
then store the result back into that variable
Java provides assignment operators to simplify
that process
For example, the statement
num += count;
is equivalent to
num = num + count;
There are many assignment operators in Java,
including the following:
Operator
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
Example
x
x
x
x
x
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
y
y
y
y
y
Equivalent To
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=
=
x
x
x
x
x
+
*
/
%
y
y
y
y
y
The right hand side of an assignment operator can
be a complex expression
The entire right-hand expression is evaluated first,
then the result is combined with the original variable
Therefore
result /= (total-MIN) % num;
is equivalent to
result = result / ((total-MIN) % num);
The behavior of some assignment operators depends on
the types of the operands
If the operands to the + operator are strings, the assignment
operator performs string concatenation
Example:.
System.out.println(Hello + + World);
The behavior of an assignment operator (+=) is always

consistent with the behavior of the corresponding operator
(+)
Outline
Java Syntax
Expressions
Data Conversion
Data Conversion
Sometimes it is convenient to convert data from
one type to another
For example, in a particular situation we may want
to treat an integer as a floating point value
These conversions do not change the type of a
variable or the value that's stored in it they only
convert a value as part of a computation
Data Conversion
Widening conversions are safest because they tend
to go from a small data type to a larger one (such
as a short to an int)
Narrowing conversions can lose information
because they tend to go from a large data type to a
smaller one (such as an int to a short)
Data Conversion
Widening Conversions
Narrowing Conversions
Data Conversion
In Java, data conversions can occur in three ways:
assignment conversion
promotion
casting
Assignment Conversion
Assignment conversion occurs when a value of one
type is assigned to a variable of another
Example:
int dollars = 20;
double money = dollars;
Only widening conversions can happen via
assignment
Note that the value or type of dollars did not
change
Promotion
Promotion happens automatically when operators
in expressions convert their operands
Example:
int count = 12;
double sum = 490.27;
result = sum / count;
The value of count is converted to a floating
point value to perform the division calculation
Casting
Casting is the most powerful, and dangerous,
technique for conversion
Both widening and narrowing conversions can be
accomplished by explicitly casting a value
To cast, the type is put in parentheses in front of
the value being converted
int total = 50;
float result = (float) total / 6;
Without the cast, the fractional part of the answer
would be lost
Here is the example again

// An application to calculate mileage
{
// The main method does does the work
{
//Declaration of variables
int miles = 100;
// Some calculations
gallons = 5;
// Output
System.out.println (Miles/Gallon: " + mpg);
}
}
Summary
Lecture 1 presented a first look at OOP & Java
including:
an overview of object-oriented concepts
programming and programming languages
an introduction to Java
The structure of a simple Java
Rules for Java identifiers
Java syntax
Java primitive data types
Java expressions
Data conversion
You should now be a little more comfortable with the

prospect of learning Java.

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COMP1161

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Understand the problem

These activities are not purely linear they

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Note that the behavior of an object might change its state

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Objects and Classes

Marys Bank Account

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Objects and Classes

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Methods perform actions on the information that is

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Structure of a Java Class

A Simple Java Application

The simplest Java application is therefore a single

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Simple Java Application

The name of this class is Mileage

A Simple Java Application

The class has a single method named main.

A Simple Java Application

The method declares some variables that store

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Simple Java Application

.does some calculations..

A Simple Java Application

.and displays a result ..

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Invalid cannot begin with a digit

Invalid cannot contain the '#' character

Invalid cannot contain the '&' character

A semicolon is used to mark the end of a

We will discuss data types in the next section

When a variable is referenced in a program, its

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: MAX_LOAD means more than the literal

2. They facilitate program maintenance

If a constant is used in multiple places, its value

3. They formally establish that a value should not change,

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

//----------------------------------------------------------------// Prints a presidential quote.

The extra spaces will be ignored:

public class Mileage

This is valid syntax but terrible programming style.

that you use

// this comment runs to the end of the line

this comment runs to the terminating

/** this is a javadoc comment

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Two of them represent floating point numbers:

One of them represents characters:

And one of them represents boolean values:

Numeric Primitive Data Types

Storage Min Value

+/- 3.4 x 1038 with 7 significant digits

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.