Equipment
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Cogeneration
Presentation from the
Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia
www.energyefficiency.asia.org
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Introduction
Types of cogeneration systems
Assessment of cogeneration systems
Energy efficiency opportunities
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Thermal Equipement/
Cogeneration
Reciprocating engines
Combustion or gas turbines,
Steam turbines
Microturbines
Fuel cells
3
UNEP 2006
Introduction
36 Units
(Losses)
60
= 40%
24
Uni
ts
68
100
40
= 85%
34
Uni
ts
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
6 Units
(Losses)
(UNESCAP, 2004)
10 Units
(Losses)
UNEP 2006
Introduction
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Introduction
Types of cogeneration systems
Assessment of cogeneration systems
Energy efficiency opportunities
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Steam turbine
Gas turbine
Reciprocating engine
Other classifications:
- Topping cycle
- Bottoming cycle
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
UNEP 2006
Boiler
Advantages:
-Simple configuration
-Low capital cost
-Low need of cooling water
-High total efficiency
Turbine
Fuel
Condensate
Process
LP
Steam
Disadvantages:
-Larger steam turbine
-Electrical load and output
can not be matched
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Steam obtained by
extraction from an
intermediate stage
Remaining steam is
exhausted
Relatively high
capital cost, lower
total efficiency
Control of electrical
power independent
of thermal load
Boiler
Turbine
Fuel
LP Steam
Condensate
Process
Condenser
10
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
11
UNEP 2006
Exhaust
Gases
Condensate
from Process
HRSG
Steam to
Process
Combustor
Fuel
G
Generator
Compressor
Turbine
Air
12
UNEP 2006
Heat Source
Heat Exchanger
G
Generator
Compressor
Turbine
Condensate
from Process
Steam to
Process
13
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Topping Cycle
Supplied fuel first produces power
followed by thermal energy
Thermal energy is a by product used
for process heat or other
Most popular method of cogeneration
15
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Bottoming Cycle
Primary fuel produces high
temperature thermal energy
Rejected heat is used to generate
power
Suitable for manufacturing processes
16
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Introduction
Types of cogeneration systems
Assessment of cogeneration systems
Energy efficiency opportunities
17
UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cogeneration
Systems
Performance Terms & Definitions
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
18
UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cogeneration
Systems
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
19
UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cogeneration
Systems
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
x 100
20
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Introduction
Types of cogeneration systems
Assessment of cogeneration systems
Energy efficiency opportunities
21
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
Steam turbine:
Keep condenser vacuum at optimum value
Keep steam temperature and pressure at
optimum value
Avoid part load operation and starting &
stopping
UNEP 2006
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
UNEP 2006
Cogeneration
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
24
UNEP GERIAP
Thermal Equipment/
Cogeneration
UNEP 2006