Packet Radio
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access
Space Division Multiple Access
Cellular System
MA Technique
FDMA / FDD
US DC ( U. S Digital Cellular )
TDMA / FDD
TDMA / FDD
CDMA / FDD
TDMA / FDD
C1 C2 CN
frequency
time
C1
4
C2
CN
frequency
Properties of FDMA
Bg
Bt 2Bg
Bt
Bc
Bg GuardBand
Bc ChannelBandwidth
Example
In the US, each cellular carrier is allocated 416
channels,
Bt 12.5MHz
Bg 10KHz
Bc 30KHz
N
8
416
time
C1
9
C2
CN
time
10
Slot 1
Trail Bit
11
Sync Bit
Slot N
12
TDMA properties
Data Transmission for user of TDMA system
occurs in discrete bursts
o
o
13
Efficiency of TDMA
Frame Efficiency
No.ofbits / frame containingtransmitted data
f
Total Numberof bits / frame
(1 bOH / bT ) 100
(bT bOH )
100
bT
14
=Tf R
Tf =Frame duration
R=Channel bit rate
16
m(Btot -2Bguard )
Bc
17
Example
The GSM System uses a TDMA frame structure
where each frame consist of 8 time slots, and
each time slot contains 156.25 bits, and data is
transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel.
Time duration of a bit
Time duration of a slot
Time duration of a frame
18
Solution
3.692 s
3
bit-rate 270.833 10
19
Example
If a normal GSM timeslot consists of 6 trailing bits,
8.25 guard bits, 26 training bits, and 2 traffic bursts of
58 bits of data, find the frame efficiency.
Solution
Time slot has 6+ 8.25+ 26 + 2(58) = 156.25 bits.
A frame has 8 * 156.25 = 1250 bits / frame.
21
Bandwidth available
22
Bt
Bc * N
BC = Channel bandwidth
CELL A
CELL A
CELL A
CELL A
23
6 S
Bc n / 2
3 I min
where n is the path loss exponent
S
I
S
I
24
2/n
25
26
N 1
W R
Eb
No
where W
27
28
Antenna Sectorization
A cell site with 3 antennas, each having a
beamwidth of 120 degrees , has one-third of
the interference received by omnidirectional antenna. This increases the
capacity by a factor of 3
Monitoring or Voice activity
Each transmitter is switched off during
period of no voice activity. Voice activity is
denoted by a factor
SNR Improvement
Eb
No
W R
Ns 1
29
SNR Improvement
W
R
1
Ns 1
,)0 1
Eb
(S )
N
o
Example
31
Solution
(a)
N 1
Eb
No
1.25 10
9600 0
1
10
1 13.02 14
32
Solution
(b) Users per sector
W
R
1
Ns 1
,)0 1
Eb
(S
N
o
33
1 1.25 10
9600 0
1
3
10
35.7
Solution
Total users N in 3 sectors
3Ns
3 35.7
107 users / cell
34