Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Spinal Cord and Spinal
Nerves,
Chapters 12
Seeleys
Anatomy & Physiology, 10th
edition by VanPutte, Regan and
Russo (McGraw Hill 2014)
SEM of axons in a nerve
Todays class
Gross anatomy of the spinal cord

Spinal meninges
Sectional anatomy of the spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Overview of organization of brain
Protection and support of brain
Anatomical overview of brain
Cranial nerves
Gross anatomy of spinal

cord
Grooves
posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
Enlargements
cervical: nerve fibers for upper limbs enter and
leave spinal cord
lumbosacral: nerve fibers for lower limbs enter
and leave the spinal cord
Conus medullaris and filum terminale

Dorsal and ventral roots
Grey and white matter
3
pinal cord and

pinal nerve roots
Cervical
enlargement
Brain
Level of foramen
magnum
Roots of spinal
nervesnerves
Spinal
purpose of enlargements?
Lumbosacral
enlargement
Level of second lumbar
vertebra
Spinal cord
Conus
medullaris
Cauda
equina
Filum
terminale
fig 12.1
Posterior view
Spinal meninges
Specialized membranes
Protection, stability, shock absorption
3 layers
dura mater thicker, superficial. Outside the
dura mater is the epidural space
arachnoid mater. The space between the
dura mater and arachnoid mater is the subdural
space and it contains cerebrospinal fluid.
pia mater. This layer is bound very tightly to
the spinal cord.
5
Meninge
al
membra
nes
surround
ing the
spinal
cord
Duramater
Subdural space
Denticulate ligament
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Epineurium of spinal nerve
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve
Ventral root
(a) Anterolateral view

Posterior
Spinous process of vertebra
Transverse process of vertebra
Dorsal root
Spinal cord
Denticulate
ligament
Spinal nerve
Ventral root
Body of vertebra
Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Subdural space
Periosteum
Epidural space filled with adipose
tissue
Dura
mater
Anterior
(b) Superior view

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Posterior view of spinal cord
The spinal cord

http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=3QwvbLF-n
Qk
Human Anatomy 6/e, Martini, Timmons and Tallitsch. (Pearson 2009)

fig 14.2c
What helps you know that this is the posterior view?

The dorsal rootlets of spinal nerves combine and
contain sensory neurons and enter on the dorsal
(posterior) portion of the spinal cord.
The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain the cell
bodies of the sensory neurons carrying incoming
information in afferent axons.
The ventral roots are on the anterior side of
the cord and carry motor information out of the
spinal cord along efferent axons.
The cell bodies of the motor neurons are located
in the spinal cord.
Introduction of needles into

subarachnoid space
Spinal tap
Lumbar
puncture while
vertebral
column flexed
Extraction of
CSF
3-9 mL from
subarachnoid
space L3-L4
why here?
Spinal
anaesthesia
NOT the same as

fig 14.4a
Functional organization of grey matter

fig 14.5b
o showing organization of the spinal cord (1.06 mins)

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwuV5JbgCNk
fig 12.4
10
Sectional anatomy of spinal

cord
Grey matter
central H-shaped mass
mainly cell bodies of neurons and glial cells
surrounds central canal
horns (projections)
White matter
peripheral to grey matter
axons in tracts and columns
White is due to ? of the axons
11
Organization of grey matter

Groups of nuclei (sensory or motor) with specific
functions
Posterior grey horns
somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
Anterior gray horns

somatic motor nuclei
Lateral gray horns (T1 to L2)

visceral motor neurons
Grey commissures
axons of interneurons crossing from one side of cord to
other
12
Cross section of the spinal cord

Posterior median sulcus
Dorsal root
Central canal
White matter Dorsal
(posterior) column
Central canal
Ventral (anterior) column

Ventral root
Lateral column
Gray matter
Posterior (dorsal)
horn
Lateral horn
Anterior (ventral)
horn
Spinal nerve
White matter
Dorsal (posterior)
column
Ventral (anterior)
column
Lateral column
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Gray commissure
Rootlets
White commissure
Anterior median fissure
(b)
Ascending nerve tracts

Descending nerve tracts
Ascending nerve tracts carry

incoming information usually
sensory.
Descending nerve tracts carry
outgoing information usually
motor
(c) Anterolateral view

b: Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc./Getty Images
Fig. 12.3
Reflex Arc
3
Interneuron
Dorsal root
2
Sensory neuron
1
Sensory
receptor
Spinal cord
Skin
4
Motor neuron
Spinal
nerve
Ventral root
5
1
A sensory receptor detects a stimulus.
Effector organ
2 A sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the nerve and

dorsal root to the spinal cord.
3 In the spinal cord, the sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron.
(An interneuron is not involved in a monosynaptic reflex arc.)
4 The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron.
5 A motor neuron axon conducts action potentials through the ventral
root and spinal nerve to an effector organ.
Fig. 12.5
Skeletal
muscle
Stretch reflex
Sudden stretch of a muscle results in:
From brain
1 Muscle spindles detect stretch of the muscle.
To brain
2 Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.

Sensory
neuron
3 Sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons.

4 Alpha motor neurons conduct action potentials to the muscle, causing it
to contract and resist being stretched.
Note: The muscle that contracts is the muscle that is stretched.
3
2
Quadriceps
femoris muscle
(extensor)
Muscle
spindle
4
1
Sensory
neuron endings
Gamma motor neuron

Sensory neuron
Patellar
tendon
Hammer
tap
Gamma motor
neuron endings
Patellar
ligament
Hamstring
muscles
(flexor)
Muscle fiber of muscle spindle

Muscle fiber of muscle
Stretch
reflex
Stretch
Muscle spindle
Fig. 12.6
Alpha motor
neuron
Fig. 12.7
Golgi Tendon Reflex

To brain
Intense stretch of a skeletal muscle results in:

1 Golgi tendon organs detect tension applied to a tendon.
2 Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.
3
Sensory
neuron
3 Sensory neurons synapse with inhibitory interneurons

that synapse with alpha motor neurons.
4 Inhibition of the alpha motor neurons causes muscle relaxation,
relieving the tension applied to the tendon. Note: The muscle that
relaxes is attached to the tendon to which tension is applied.
Muscle contraction
increases tension
applied to tendons. In
response, action
potentials are conducted
to the spinal cord.
Sensory
neuron
Golgi
tendon
organ
Tendon
Inhibitory
interneuron
4
Alpha motor
neuron
Hamstring
muscles
(fexor)
Golgi
tendon
refex
Muscle
Golgi tendon organ
Fig. 12.7
Withdrawal reflex
Stimulation of pain receptors results in:
To brain
1 Pain receptors detect a painful stimulus.

2 Sensory neurons conduct action potentials
to the spinal cord.
3 Sensory neurons synapse with excitatory
Interneurons that synapse with alpha motor
neurons.
Sensory neuron
Quadriceps
femoris
muscle
(extensor)
4 Excitation of the alpha motor neurons

results in contraction of the flexor
muscles and withdrawal of the limb from
the painful stimulus.
Excitatory
interneuron
Alpha motor
neuron
Hamstring
muscles
(fexor)
Sensory neuron
1
Stimulus
Pain receptor
Withdrawal reflex
Fig. 12.8
Withdrawal reflex (b)

Reciprocal innervation
Collateral branch
from sensory
neuron
Reciprocal innervation
1 During the withdrawal reflex,
sensory neurons conduct action
potentials from pain receptors to
the spinal cord.
Inhibitory
interneuron
Quadriceps femoris
muscle (extensor)
2 Sensory neurons synapse with

excitatory interneurons that
are part of the withdrawal
reflex.
3 Collateral branches of the sensory
neurons also synapse with inhibitory
interneurons that are part of
reciprocal innervation.
4
1
Hamstring
muscles
(flexor)
Sensory
neuron
To brain
The inhibitory interneurons

synapse with alpha motor
neurons supplying the extensor
muscles, causing them to relax
and not oppose the flexor
muscles of the withdrawal reflex,
which are contracting.
Withdrawal reflex
Fig. 12.9
Alpha motor
neuron
Excitatory
interneuron
1 During the withdrawal reflex, sensory neurons

from pain receptors conduct action potentials
to the spinal cord.
Crossed extensor reflex

V1 and V2b Interneurons Secure the
Alternating Flexor-Extensor Motor Activity Mice
Require for Limbed Locomotion (2014)
http://
www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273%
2814%2900111-1
Volume 82, Issue 1, p138150, 2 AprilQuadriceps
2014
femoris
2 Sensory neurons synapse with excitatory

interneurons that are part of the
withdrawal reflex.
3 The excitatory interneurons that are part of the
withdrawal reflex stimulate alpha motor neurons
that innervate flexor muscles, causing withdrawal
of the limb from the painful stimulus.
4 Collateral branches of the sensory neurons
also synapse with excitatory interneurons
that cross to the opposite side of the spinal
cord as part of the crossed extensor reflex.
muscle
(extensor)
5 The excitatory interneurons that cross the

spinal cord stimulate alpha motor neurons
supplying extensor muscles in the opposite
limb, causing them to contract and support
body weight during the withdrawal reflex.
Sensory
neuron
To brain
1
2
4
Alpha motor
neuron
3
Hamstring
muscles
(flexor)
Fig. 12.10
Alpha motor
neuron
Withdrawal
reflex
Excitatory
interneuron
Crossed
extensor
reflex
Spinal reflex with ascending and

descending axons
To
brain
From
brain
Ascending
axon
Ascending
tract
Descending
axon
Site of
divergence
Sensory
receptor
Descending
tract
Sensory neuron
Site of
convergence
Skin
Motor neuron
Interneuron
Effector organ
Fig. 12.11
Skeletal
muscle
Organization of white matter

Divided into 6 funiculi (columns)
posterior white columns
anterior white columns and commissures
lateral white columns
Fasciculi (tracts)
Ascending tracts
Carry incoming information (sensory etc)
Descending tracts
Carry out-coming information (motor etc)
Organization of the spinal neurons good (3.07 mins)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHgvMKT-20Q
21
Structure of a
nerve
Adipose tissue
Epineurium
Perineurium
Artery and vein
Endoneurium
Schwann
cell
fig 12.12
Loose connective tissue
Fascicle
Axon
22
Cervical
nerves
Thoracic
nerves
C1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
T1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Cervical
plexus
(C1C4)
Brachial
plexus
(C5T1)
Spinal
Nerves
and
plexuses
Duramater
10
11
12
L1
Lumbar
nerves
Cauda equina
Lumbar
plexus
(L1L4)
2
3
4
5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Sacral
nerves
Coccygeal
nerves
Co
Fig. 12.13
Posterior view
Sacral
plexus
(L4S4)
Coccygeal
plexus
(S5Co)
Lumbosacral
plexus
(L1S4)
Spinal nerves and dermatome

map
Functions
Fig. 12.14
Cervical
nerves
C1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
T1
C2
Head movement
Diaphragm
movement
C3
C2
Neck and shoulder

movement
Upper limb
movement
T1
C6
C7
5
7
8
9
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
C5
Thoracic
nerves
Rib movement
inbreathing,
vertebral column
movement, and
tone in postural
back muscles
C5
C8
T2
T1
C6
T10
T11
T12
T1
C7
C5
T1
S2
L2
S5
Co
S3
C6
S4
L2
S3
L2
C7
L3
L3
L3
12
Lumbar
nerves
T2
C8
S4
L2
C6
T1
S3
11
T1
C6
C8
L1
10
L1
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
C4
C4
2
3
C4
C3
S2
S2
Hip movement
L4
L4
L4
L4
L5
3
4
5
Lower limb
movement
S1
L5
S1
S1
L5
L5
L5
S1
S1
Sacral
nerves
Coccygeal
nerves
(a) Posterior view
C7
C8
5 major Plexuses
Networks of nerves
combined ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves
Form during development alongside muscle development
Plexuses:
organization produced by intermingling of nerves
Plexuses produce nerves with axons from more than one
spinal nerve.
Ventral rami of C1-C4 form the cervical plexus
C5-T1 form the brachial plexus
L1-L4 forms the lumbar plexus
L4-S4 forms the sacral plexus
S5 and the coccygeal nerve from the sacral plexus
Spinal
Dorsal root of
Spinalnerves
spinal nerve
nerves Dorsal root ganglion
Rootlets
Communicating rami
Ganglion of
sympathetic chain
Spinal nerve
Dorsal ramus of spinal
nerve
Ventral ramus of spinal nerve
Dont mix up
root and ramus!!
Ventral root of
spinal nerve
Roots of
Splanchnic nerve
Dorsal rootlets
Intervertebral foramen
Spinal
nerve
fig 12.15
(b) Posterior view
26
Spinal nerves
31 pairs
all except first pair and those in the sacrum exit between the adjacent
vertebrae
8 in cervical region
12 in thoracic region
5 in lumbar
5 in sacral region
C0 below the sacral region
3 layers of connective tissue

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium
Fascicle: perineureum surrounding a bunch of axons enclosed

in endoneureums
27
Distribution of spinal nerves

Branch into dorsal and ventral rami
4 branches for T1-L2 why? (communicating rami for
ANS)
rami communicantes
white ramus
grey ramus
dorsal ramus innervate most of deep muscles of

back
ventral ramus: thoracic; innervate the intercostal
muscles and skin over thorax, remainder of ramuses
outside of thoracic region form five plexuses
Dermatomes:
regions of skin supplied with sensory innervation from pair of
spinal nerves
28
Spinal cord injuries
Cervical injuries can result the loss of use of both arms and legs or
quadraplegia
Thoracic injuries can result in loss of function of trunk and the legs
called paraplegia
The lumbar vertebrae injuries result in loss of function in hips and legs.
Good description of injuries (3.28 mins. from the Shepherd Centre)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxpb1-okVig&feature=related
Monkeys develop more use of injured arms
http://speakingofresearch.com/2014/05/19/spinal-cord-stimulation-restores-mo
nkeys-ability-to-move-paralysed-hand
/
New breakthrough in spinal cord regeneration called epidural stimulation.
http://
www.people.com/article/christopher-reeve-spinal-cord-injury-breakthrough
Human stem cell transplant from nasal epithelium that can partially reverse
spinal cord injury
http://speakingofresearch.com/2014/10/21/paralysed-man-walks-cell-transplant
/
Human exoskeletons
http://www.ted.com/talks/eythor_bender_demos_human_exoskeletons.html
Cervical plexus
C1
Roots (ventral rami): C1, C2, C3, C4
C4
Branches
Other nerves (not part
of cervical plexus)
C1
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

C2
Accessory nerve (XI)

Lesser occipital nerve
Greater auricular nerve

C3
Nerve to sternocleidomastoid muscle

Superior root of ansa cervicalis
Branch to infrahyoid muscles

C4
Transverse cervical nerve
Ansa cervicalis
Nerve to trapezius muscle
C5
Branches to infrahyoid muscles

Inferior root of ansa cervicalis
Supraclavicular nerves
Phrenic nerve - supplies the diaphragm
Fig. 12.16
Anterior view
Cervical plexus
Originates from C1 to C5.

Branches of the cervical plexus innervate the skin and
muscles of the neck including those that attach to the hyoid
bone.
A loop between C1 and C3 is called the ansa cervicalis
and it supplies the infrahyoid muscle.
The phrenic nerve (C3-C5) innervates the diaphgram.
Roots (ventral rami): C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Brachial
plexus
Trunks: upper, middle, lower

Anterior divisions
C5
Posterior divisions
Cords: posterior, lateral, medial
Major branches:
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
T1
C5
Upper trunk
Dorsal scapular nerve

Sub clavian nerve
C6
Thoracodorsal nerve
Upper and lower
subscapular nerves
Middle trunk
Suprascapular nerve
Posterior cord
C7
Axillary nerve
Lateral cord
Radial nerve
Long thoracic nerve
C8
Musculo- cutaneous nerve

Medial and lateral Pectoral nerves
Lower trunk
Medial cord
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Medial brachial
cutaneous nerve
Fig.
12.17
Medial antebrachial
T1
cutaneous nerve
Anterior view
Brachial plexus
Originates from C5-T1.
Five ventral rami join to form three trunks that separate into six
divisions and these join to form the posterior, lateral and medial
cords.
The five branches that innervate the upper limb originate from
the three cords.
The five major branches are:
1. The axillary nerves that innervates the shoulder
2. The radial nerve that innervates the posterior arm,
forearm and hand.
3. The musculocutaneous that innervates the anterior
hand
4. The unlnar that innervates the forearm
5. The medial nerves innervate the hand
Axillary nerve
Fig. 12.18
Axillary Nerve
Axillary nerve
Origin
Posterior cord of brachial plexus, C5C6
Movements/Muscles Innervated
Laterally rotates arm
Teres minor
Posterior cord
Teres minor
Lateral cord
Medial cord
Deltoid
Abducts arm
Deltoid
Cutaneous (Sensory) Innervation

Inferior lateral shoulder
Posterior views
The radial nerve
Fig. 12.19
Radial Nerve
Origin
Posterior cord of brachial plexus, C5T1
Extends elbow
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Flexes elbow
Brachialis (part; sensory only)

Brachioradialis
Extends and abducts wrist
Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Posterior cord
Lateral cord
Medial cord
Radial nerve
Lateral head of
triceps brachii
Long head of
triceps brachii
Medial head of
triceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Supinates forearm and hand
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpi
radialisbrevis
Supinator
Extends fingers
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor indicis
Extends and adducts wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abducts thumb
Abductor pollicis longus
Extends thumb
Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis
Anconeus
Supinator
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor indicis
Adductor pollicis
longus
Extensor pollicis
brevis and longus

Posterior surface of arm and forearm,
lateral two-thirds of dorsum of hand
Posterior view
Posterior view
Anterior view
Fig. 12.20
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Origin
Posterior cord
Lateral cord of brachial plexus, C5C7
Flexes shoulder
Lateral cord
Medial cord
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Flexes elbow and supinates forearm

and hand
Biceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Flexes elbow
Brachialis (also small amount of

innervation from radial nerve)
Brachialis

Lateral surface of forearm
Anterior views
Posterior view
The Ulnar nerve
Fig. 12.21
Ulnar Nerve
Origin
Medial cord of brachial plexus, C8T1
Posterior cord
Lateral cord
Medial cord
Flexes and adducts wrist

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexes fingers
Part of the flexor digitorum profundus
controlling the distal phalanges of little
and ring fingers
Ulnar nerve
Adducts thumb
Adductor pollicis
Controls hypothenar muscles
Anterior view
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Abductor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexes metacarpophalangeal joints

and extends interphalangeal joints
Posterior view
Two medial (ulnar) lumbricales
Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flex or digitorum
profundus
Abducts and adducts fingers

Interossei

Medial third of hand, little finger, and
medial half of ring finger
Adductor pollicis
All dorsal and

palmar interossei
Hypothenar muscles
The two medial
(ulnar) lumbricales
Anterior view
Median Nerve
The median nerve
Origin
Posterior cord
Medial and lateral cords of brachial

plexus, C5T1
Lateral cord
Medial cord
Pronates forearm and hand
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Median nerve
Flexes and abducts wrist

Flexor carpiradialis
Flexes wrist
Palmaris longus
Flexes fingers
Anterior view
Part of flexor digitorum profundus

controlling the distal phalanx of the
middle and index fingers
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Palmaris longus
Controls thumb muscle

Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator teres
Posterior view
Controls thenar muscles

Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexes metacarpophalangeal joints

and extends interphalangeal joints
Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
Two lateral (radial) lumbricales

Lateral two-thirds of palm of hand,
thumb, index and middle fingers,
and the lateral half of ring finger
and dorsal tips of the same fingers
Thenar muscles
The two lateral
(radial) lumbricales
Carpal tunnel deep

to flexor retinaculum
Anterior view
Fig. 12.22
L1
Lumbar
Fig. 12.23
and
sacral
plexus
L4
S4
Roots ( ventral rami)

Posterior divisions
Anterior divisions
Nerves
L1
L2
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
L3
Lateral femoral
cutaneous
L4
Genitofemoral
Femoral
L5
Obturator
Lumbosacral
trunk
S1
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Common
fibular
(peroneal)
S2
Tibial
S3
Sciatic
S4
Posterior femoral
cutaneous
S5
Pudendal
Anterior view
The lumbar and sacral plexuses
1.
2.
3.
4.
The lumbar plexus originates the from the ventral rami of

the spinal nerves L1-L3, and the sacral from L4-S4 but there
is a lot of overlap so they are usually called lumbosacral
plexus.
Four major nerves exit
The obdurator nerves supplies muscles the muscles in
the medial thigh that adduct the thigh
The femoral nerve innervate the anterior thigh
The tibial nerve innervates the posterior thigh leg and
foot
The common fibular nerve innervate the posterior thigh,
anterior and lateral leg and foot.
The obdurator nerve

L2
Obturator Nerve
Fig. 12.24
L3
L4
Origin
Lumbosacral plexus, L2L4
Rotates thigh laterally
Obturator externus
Obturator nerve
Adducts thigh
Adductor magnus (adductor part)
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adducts thigh and flexes knee
Obturator externus
Gracilis

Superior medial side of thigh
Adductor magnus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Medial view
Anterior view
Femoral Nerve
The femoral nerve
Fig. 12.25
L2
L3
L4
Origin
Lumbosacral plexus, L2L4
Flexes hip
Psoas major
Iliacus
Pectineus
Flexes hip and flexes knee

Sartorius
Extends knee
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Psoas major
Iliacus
Femoral nerve
Sartorius
Pectineus
Vastus
lateralis
Extends knee and flexes hip

Rectus femoris

Anterior and lateral branches supply the
anterior and lateral thigh; saphenous
branch supplies the medial leg
and foot
Rectus femoris
Vastus
intermedius
Anterior view Medial view

Vastus medialis
Anterior view
Tibial Nerve
Origin
Tibial nerve
L4
L5
S1
S2
Fig. 12.26
Lumbosacral plexus, L4S3
Extends hip and flexes knee
Tibial nerve
S3
Biceps femoris (long head)

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Extends hip and adducts thigh
Adductor magnus (hamstring part)
Adductor
magnus
Biceps femoris long head

Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Plantar flexes foot

Plantaris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis posterior
Flexes knee
Popliteus
Flexes toes
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

None
Gastrocnemius
Popliteus
Soleus
Medial and Lateral

Plantar Nerves
Flexor digitorum
longus
Origin
Tibial nerve
Flex and adduct toes
Plantar muscles of foot
Flexor hallucis
longus
Tibialis posterior

Sole of foot
Sural Nerve (Not Shown)

Origin
Tibial nerve
None
Lateral and posterior one-third
of leg and lateral side of foot
Medial plantar nerve

to plantar muscles
Anterior view
Lateral plantar nerve

to plantar muscles
Posterior view
Posterior view
Tibial nerve
Fig. 12.27
L4
L5
Common Fibular
(Peroneal) Nerve
S1
S2
Origin
Lumbosacral plexus, L4S2
Extends hip and flexes knee
Biceps femoris (short head)
Common fibular
(peroneal) nerve

Lateral surface of knee
Deep Fibular
(Peroneal) Nerve
Biceps femoris
short head
Origin
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Dorsiflexes foot
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis tertius
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis
longus
Extends toes
Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor digitorum
longus
Fibularis
brevis
Extensor hallucis
longus
Great and second toe
Fibularis
tertius
Origin
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Plantar flexes and everts foot
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Dorsal anterior third of leg and
dorsum of foot
Deep fibular
(peroneal) nerve
Superficial
fibular (peroneal)
nerve
Superficial Fibular
(Peroneal) Nerve
Extensor
digitorum
brevis
Anterior view
Lateral view
Anterior view
Table 12.1
Next topic
The next topic is the Brain and
Cranial Nerves (Chapter 13)

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

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Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

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Spinal Cord and Spinal

SEM of axons in a nerve

Gross anatomy of the spinal cord

Gross anatomy of spinal

Conus medullaris and filum terminale

pinal cord and

(a) Anterolateral view

(b) Superior view

Posterior view of spinal cord

The spinal cord

Human Anatomy 6/e, Martini, Timmons and Tallitsch. (Pearson 2009)

What helps you know that this is the posterior view?

Dorsal and ventral roots

Introduction of needles into

NOT the same as

Human Anatomy 6/e, Martini, Timmons and Tallitsch. (Pearson 2009)

Functional organization of grey matter

Human Anatomy 6/e, Martini, Timmons and Tallitsch. (Pearson 2009)

o showing organization of the spinal cord (1.06 mins)

Sectional anatomy of spinal

Organization of grey matter

Anterior gray horns

Lateral gray horns (T1 to L2)

Cross section of the spinal cord

Ventral (anterior) column

Dorsal root ganglion

(a) Anterolateral view

Ascending nerve tracts

Ascending nerve tracts carry

(c) Anterolateral view

A sensory receptor detects a stimulus.

2 A sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the nerve and

1 Muscle spindles detect stretch of the muscle.

2 Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.

3 Sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons.

Gamma motor neuron

Muscle fiber of muscle spindle

Golgi Tendon Reflex

Intense stretch of a skeletal muscle results in:

3 Sensory neurons synapse with inhibitory interneurons

Golgi tendon organ

1 Pain receptors detect a painful stimulus.

4 Excitation of the alpha motor neurons

Withdrawal reflex (b)

2 Sensory neurons synapse with

The inhibitory interneurons

1 During the withdrawal reflex, sensory neurons

Crossed extensor reflex

2 Sensory neurons synapse with excitatory

5 The excitatory interneurons that cross the

Spinal reflex with ascending and

Organization of white matter

Organization of the spinal neurons good (3.07 mins)

Artery and vein

Loose connective tissue

Spinal nerves and dermatome

Neck and shoulder

(a) Posterior view

(a) Anterolateral view

3 layers of connective tissue

Fascicle: perineureum surrounding a bunch of axons enclosed

Distribution of spinal nerves

dorsal ramus innervate most of deep muscles of

Spinal cord injuries