Column Buckling - Inelastic

A long topic

Effects of geometric imperfection

EIx v Pv 0
EIy u Pu 0

Leads to bifurcation buckling of

perfect doubly-symmetric columns

M x P(v v o ) 0
EIxv P(v v o ) 0

v Fv2 (v v o ) 0
v o o sin

z
L

vo

Mx

v Fv2v Fv2v o
v Fv2v Fv2 (o sin
Solution v c v p

z
)
L

v c A sin(Fv z) Bcos(Fv z)
z
z
v p C sin Dcos
L
L

Effects of Geometric Imperfection

Solve for C and D first

z
L
2

z
z
z
z
z
C sin Dcos Fv2 C sin Dcos Fv2o sin 0

L
L
L
L
L
L
2
2

z
z
2
2
2
sin C Fv C Fv o cos D Fv D 0
L L
L L

2
2
2
2
C Fv C Fv o 0 and D Fv D 0
L
L

vp Fv2v p Fv2o sin

Fv2o
C
2
2
Fv
L
Solution becomes

and D 0

Fv2o
z
v A sin(Fv z) Bcos(Fv z)
sin
L
2
2
Fv
L

Geometric Imperfection
Solve for A and B
Boundary conditions v(0) v(L) 0
v(0) B 0
v(L) A sin Fv L 0
A0
Solution becomes
Fv2o
z
v
sin
2
L

2
Fv
L
Fv2
o
2
P

z PE o
z
L
v
sin

sin
Fv2
L 1 P
L
1
2
PE


L

P
z
PE
v
o sin
P
L
1
PE
Total Deflection
P
z
z
PE
v vo
o sin o sin
P
L
L
1
PE
P

z
1
z
E 1 o sin
o sin
L 1 P
L
1 P

PE
PE
z
AFo sin
L

AF = amplification factor

Geometric Imperfection
1

AF

amplification factor
P
1
PE
M x P(v v o )
z
M x AF (Po sin )
L
i.e., M x AF (moment due to initial crooked)
12

10
Amplification Factor A F

Increases exponentially
Limit AF for design
Limit P/PE for design

Value used in the code is 0.877

This will give AF = 8.13
Have to live with it.

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6
P/PE

0.8

Residual Stress Effects

Residual Stress Effects

History of column inelastic buckling

Euler developed column elastic buckling equations (buried

in the million other things he did).

Take a look at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuleR

An amazing mathematician

In the 1750s, I could not find the exact year.

The elastica problem of column buckling indicates elastic
buckling occurs with no increase in load.

dP/dv=0

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

Engesser extended the elastic column buckling theory in

1889.
He assumed that inelastic
buckling occurs with no
increase in load, and the
relation between stress
and strain is defined by
tangent modulus Et

Engessers tangent modulus theory is easy to apply. It

compares reasonably with experimental results.

PT=ETI / (KL)2

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

In 1895, Jasinsky pointed out the problem with Engessers

theory.

If dP/dv=0, then the 2nd order moment (Pv) will produce

incremental strains that will vary linearly and have a zero
value at the centroid (neutral axis).
The linear strain variation will have compressive and tensile
values. The tangent modulus for the incremental
compressive strain is equal to Et and that for the tensile
strain is E.

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

In 1898, Engesser corrected his original theory by

accounting for the different tangent modulus of the tensile
increment.

This is known as the reduced modulus or double modulus

The assumptions are the same as before. That is, there is
no increase in load as buckling occurs.

The corrected theory is shown in the following slide

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

The buckling load PR produces

critical stress R=Pr/A

During buckling, a small curvature

d is introduced
The strain distribution is shown.
The loaded side has dL and dL

The unloaded side has dU and dU

dL ( y y1 y) d
dU ( y y y1 ) d
d L E t ( y y1 y) d
dU E( y y y1 ) d

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

Q d v
d L E t ( y y1 y) v
dU E( y y y1 ) v
But, the assumption is dP 0
y

y y1

y y1

( d y )

dU dA d L dA 0
y

y y1

y y1

( d y )

E( y y y1 ) dA E t ( y y1 y) dA 0
ES1 E t S2 0
y

where, S1 ( y y y1 ) dA
y y1

and S 2

y y1

( y y1 y) dA

( d y )

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

S1 and S2 are the statical moments of the areas to the left

and right of the neutral axis.

Note that the neutral axis does not coincide with the centroid
any more.
The location of the neutral axis is calculated using the
equation derived ES1 - EtS2 = 0
M Pv
y

y y1

y y1

( d y )

M dU ( y y y1) dA d L ( y y1 y) dA
M Pv v ( EI1 E t I2 )
y

where, I1 ( y y y1 ) 2 dA
y y1

and I 2

y y1

( y y1 y) 2 dA

( d y )

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

M Pv v ( EI1 E t I2 )
Pv ( EI1 E t I2 )v 0
v

P
v 0
EI1 E t I2

v Fv2v 0
P
P

EI1 E t I2 EIx
I
I
and E E 1 E t 2
Ix
Ix
where, Fv2

2 EI x
PR
(KL) 2

E is the reduced or double modulus

PR is the reduced modulus buckling load

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

For 50 years, engineers were faced with the dilemma that

the reduced modulus theory is correct, but the
experimental data was closer to the tangent modulus
theory. How to resolve?
Shanley eventually resolved this dilemma in 1947. He
conducted very careful experiments on small aluminum
columns.

He found that lateral deflection started very near the

theoretical tangent modulus load and the load capacity
increased with increasing lateral deflections.
The column axial load capacity never reached the calculated
reduced or double modulus load.

Shanley developed a column model to explain the

observed phenomenon

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

Column Inelastic Buckling

Three different theories

Tangent modulus
Reduced modulus
Shanley model
Tangent modulus theory
assumes
Perfectly straight column
Ends are pinned
Small deformations
No strain reversal during
buckling

dP/dv=0

Slope is zero at buckling

P=0 with increasing v
v
Elastic buckling analysis
PT

Tangent modulus theory

Assumes that the column buckles at the tangent modulus load such
that there is an increase in P (axial force) and M (moment).
The axial strain increases everywhere and there is no strain
reversal.
Strain and stress state just before buckling

PT

T
Mx - Pv = 0

Strain and stress state just after buckling

v
v

T=PT/A

Mx

T=ETT

Curvature = = slope of strain diagram

T
h
h

T y
where y dis tan ce from centroid
2

T y E T
2

PT

Tangent modulus theory

Deriving the equation of equilibrium

M x ydA
A

T T
T ( y h / 2) E T

M x T ( y h / 2)E T ydA
A

M x T y dA E T y 2 dA h / 2)E T y dA
A

M x 0 E T Ix 0
M x E T Ix v

The equation Mx- PTv=0 becomes -ETIxv - PTv=0

Solution is PT= 2ETIx/L2

Example - Aluminum columns

Consider an aluminum column with Ramberg-Osgood

E 10100 ksi
stress-strain curve

40.15 ksi
0.2

0.002

E
0.2

1 0.002 n1
n n
E 0.2
0.002
1 n nE n1

0.2

E
n1
0.002
1
nE

0.2

0.2

n1 E T

0.002

1
nE

0.2

0.2

0.000E+00
1.980E-04
3.960E-04
5.941E-04
7.921E-04
9.901E-04
1.188E-03
1.386E-03
1.584E-03
1.782E-03
1.980E-03
2.178E-03
2.376E-03
2.575E-03
2.775E-03
2.979E-03
3.198E-03
3.458E-03
3.829E-03
4.483E-03
5.826E-03
8.771E-03
1.529E-02
2.949E-02
5.967E-02
1.221E-01

18.55

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50

ET
ET
differences
equation
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10099.9
10099.8
10099.5
10098.8
10097.6
10094.2
10088.7
10075.1
10054.2
10005.7
9934.0
9779.8
9563.7
9142.0
8602.6
7697.4
6713.6
5394.2
4251.9
3056.9
2218.6
1488.8
1037.0
679.2
468.1
306.9
212.4
140.8
98.5
66.3
46.9
32.1
23.0

Tangent Modulus Buckling

Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain

Stress-tangent modulus relationship

60
12000
Tangent Modulus (ksi)

S
t
r
e
s
s
(
k
s
i)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0

0.010

0.020

0.030

Strain (in./in.)

0.040

0.050

10

20

30

40

Stress (ksi)
ET differences

ET equation

50

Tangent Modulus Buckling

(KL/r)cr
223.2521046
157.8630771
128.8946627
111.6260523
99.84137641
91.1422898
84.3813604
78.93150275
74.41710153
70.59690679
67.3048795
64.4113691
61.77857434
59.17430952
56.09208286
51.5097656
44.14566415
34.1419685
24.00464013
15.9961201
10.48827475
6.902516144
4.596633406
3.105440361
2.129145204

Column Inelastic Buckling Curve

60
Tangent Modulus Buckling Stress

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50

2 E T Ix
PT
L2
PT
2 E T Ix
2 ET
T

2
A
AL2
KL / r

50
40

2 ET
KL / rcr
T

30
20
10

0
0

30

60

90
KL/r

120

150

Residual Stress Effects

Consider a rectangular section

with a simple residual stress
distribution
Assume that the steel material
has elastic-plastic stress-strain
curve.
Assume simply supported end
conditions
Assume triangular distribution
for residual stresses

b
x
d

rc

rt

y/b

rc

y
y

Residual Stress Effects

One major constrain on residual

stresses is that they must be
such that r dA 0

2
0.5 y y
b
b / 2

b / 2

2 y
x d dx 0.5 y
x d dx
b
0

2d y b 2 2d y b 2
0.5 y d b 2 0.5 y d b 2


b 8
b 8
0
0

Residual stresses are produced

by uneven cooling but no load
is present

Residual Stress Effects

Response will be such that elastic behavior when

b
x
d

0.5 y
2 EIy
2 EIx
Px
and Py
L2
L2
Yielding occurs when
0.5 y i.e., P 0.5PY

Inelastic buckling will occur after 0.5 y

2
Y Y b Y (1 2 )

Y
Y/b

Residual Stress Effects

Total axial force corresponding to the yielded sec tion
Y (1 2 )
Y b 2bd Y
bd 2

2
Y 1 2 bd Y (2 2 )bd
Y bd 2bd Y 2 Y bd 2 2bd Y
Y bd(1 2 2 ) PY (1 2 2 )
If inelastic buckling were to occur at this load
Pcr PY (1 2 2 )

1
Pcr
1

2
PY

If inelastic buckling occurs about x axis

2E
d3
Pcr PTx 2 (2b)
L
12
2 EIx
PTx
2
L2
1 Pcr
PTx Px 2
1
2
PY
PTx Px 2

1 PTx
1

2
PY

PTx Px
1 PTx

2
1

PY PY
2
PY
PTx 1
1 PTx

2
1

PY 2x
2
PY

2x

P
2 1 Tx
PY

PTx
PY

b
x
y

Q Pcr PTx
2

P
1
E
r
Let, x 2 2
x
PY x
Y K x L x

If inelastic buckling occurs about y axis

2E
d
Pcr PTy 2 (2b) 3
L
12
2 EIy
3
PTy
2

L2
3

1
P
PTy Py 2 1 cr
PY
2
Q Pcr PTy

PTy Py PTy

2 1

PY PY
PY

PTy 1 PTy

2 1

PY 2y
PY

x
y

P 3
PTy Py 2 1 Ty
PY

P
2 1 Ty
PY

2
y
PTy
PY

P
1
E
Let, y 2 2
PY y
Y

r 2
y
K y L y

Residual Stress Effects

P/PY
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
0.995

x
2.236
2.000
1.826
1.690
1.581
1.491
1.414
1.313
1.221
1.135
1.052
0.971
0.889
0.803
0.705
0.577
0.317

y
2.236
2.000
1.826
1.690
1.581
1.491
1.414
1.246
1.092
0.949
0.815
0.687
0.562
0.440
0.315
0.182
0.032

Tangent modulus buckling - Numerical

1

Discretize the cross-section into fibers

Think about the discretization. Do you need the flange
To be discretized along the length and width?

For each fiber, save the area of fiber (A fib), the

distances from the centroid y fib and xfib,
Ix-fib and Iy-fib the fiber number in the matrix.

Afib
yfib

Centroidal axis
3

Discretize residual stress distribution

Calculate residual stress (r-fib)

each fiber

Check that sum(r-fib Afib)for

Section = zero

Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical

6

Calculate effective residual

strain (r) for each fiber
r=r/E

Assume centroidal strain

14

13

Calculate the critical (KL)X and (KL)Y for the

(KL)X-cr = sqrt [(EI)Tx/P]
(KL)y-cr = sqrt [(EI)Ty/P]

Calculate the tangent (EI)TX and (EI)TY for the

(EI)TX = sum(ET-fib{yfib2 Afib+Ix-fib})
(EI)Ty = sum(ET-fib{xfib2 Afib+ Iy-fib})

Calculate average stress = = P/A

8

Calculate total strain for each fiber

tot=+r

Assume a material stress-strain

curve for each fiber

Calculate Axial Force = P

Sum (fibAfib)

Calculate stress in each fiber fib

12

11

10

Tangent modulus buckling - numerical

Section Dimension
b
d
y

12
4
50

No. of fibers

20

A
Ix
Iy

48
64
576.00

fiber no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Afib
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

xfib
-5.7
-5.1
-4.5
-3.9
-3.3
-2.7
-2.1
-1.5
-0.9
-0.3
0.3
0.9
1.5
2.1
2.7
3.3
3.9
4.5
5.1
5.7

yfib
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

r-fib
-22.5
-17.5
-12.5
-7.5
-2.5
2.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
22.5
17.5
12.5
7.5
2.5
-2.5
-7.5
-12.5
-17.5
-22.5

r-fib
-7.759E-04
-6.034E-04
-4.310E-04
-2.586E-04
-8.621E-05
8.621E-05
2.586E-04
4.310E-04
6.034E-04
7.759E-04
7.759E-04
6.034E-04
4.310E-04
2.586E-04
8.621E-05
-8.621E-05
-2.586E-04
-4.310E-04
-6.034E-04
-7.759E-04

Ixfib
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2

Iyfib
78.05
62.50
48.67
36.58
26.21
17.57
10.66
5.47
2.02
0.29
0.29
2.02
5.47
10.66
17.57
26.21
36.58
48.67
62.50
78.05

Tangent Modulus Buckling - numerical

Strain Increment

Fiber no.
-0.0003
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

tot

fib
-1.076E-03
-9.034E-04
-7.310E-04
-5.586E-04
-3.862E-04
-2.138E-04
-4.138E-05
1.310E-04
3.034E-04
4.759E-04
4.759E-04
3.034E-04
1.310E-04
-4.138E-05
-2.138E-04
-3.862E-04
-5.586E-04
-7.310E-04
-9.034E-04
-1.076E-03

-31.2
-26.2
-21.2
-16.2
-11.2
-6.2
-1.2
3.8
8.8
13.8
13.8
8.8
3.8
-1.2
-6.2
-11.2
-16.2
-21.2
-26.2
-31.2

Efib
Tx-fib
Ty-fib
Pfib
29000
92800 2.26E+06
-74.88
29000
92800 1.81E+06
-62.88
29000
92800 1.41E+06
-50.88
29000
92800 1.06E+06
-38.88
29000
92800 7.60E+05
-26.88
29000
92800 5.09E+05
-14.88
29000
92800 3.09E+05
-2.88
29000
92800 1.59E+05
9.12
29000
92800 5.85E+04
21.12
29000
92800 8.35E+03
33.12
29000
92800 8.35E+03
33.12
29000
92800 5.85E+04
21.12
29000
92800 1.59E+05
9.12
29000
92800 3.09E+05
-2.88
29000
92800 5.09E+05
-14.88
29000
92800 7.60E+05
-26.88
29000
92800 1.06E+06
-38.88
29000
92800 1.41E+06
-50.88
29000
92800 1.81E+06
-62.88
29000
92800 2.26E+06
-74.88

Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical

Tx

-0.0005
-0.0006
-0.0007
-0.0008
-0.0009
-0.001
-0.0011
-0.0012
-0.0013
-0.0014
-0.0015
-0.0016
-0.0017
-0.0018
-0.0019
-0.002
-0.0021
-0.0022
-0.0023
-0.0024
-0.00249

-417.6
-556.8
-696
-835.2
-974.4
-1113.6
-1252.8
-1384.8
-1510.08
-1624.32
-1734.72
-1832.16
-1924.8
-2008.32
-2083.2
-2152.8
-2209.92
-2263.2
-2304.96
-2340.48
-2368.32
-2386.08
-2398.608

Ty

1856000
1856000
1856000
1856000
1856000
1670400
1670400
1484800
1299200
1299200
1113600
1113600
928000
928000
742400
556800
556800
371200
371200
185600
185600

16704000
16704000
16704000
16704000
16704000
12177216
12177216
8552448
5729472
5729472
3608064
3608064
2088000
2088000
1069056
451008
451008
133632
133632
16704
16704

KLx-cr
209.4395102
181.3799364
162.231147
148.0960979
137.1103442
128.254983
120.9199576
109.11051
104.4864889
94.98347542
85.97519823
83.65775001
75.56517263
73.97722346
66.30684706
65.22619108
57.58118233
49.27629185
48.8278711
39.56410897
39.33088015
27.70743725
27.63498414

KLy-cr
T/Y
628.3185307
0.174
544.1398093
0.232
486.6934411
0.29
444.2882938
0.348
411.3310325
0.406
384.764949
0.464
362.7598728
0.522
294.5983771
0.577
282.1135199
0.6292
227.960341
0.6768
180.5479163
0.7228
175.681275
0.7634
136.0173107
0.802
133.1590022
0.8368
99.46027059
0.868
97.83928663
0.897
69.0974188
0.9208
44.34866267
0.943
43.94508399
0.9604
23.73846538
0.9752
23.59852809
0.9868
8.312231176
0.9942
8.290495243
0.99942

(KL/r)x
181.3799364
157.0796327
140.4962946
128.254983
118.7410412
111.0720735
104.7197551
94.49247352
90.48795371
82.25810265
74.45670576
72.44973673
65.44135914
64.06615482
57.423414
56.48753847
49.86676668
42.67452055
42.28617679
34.26352344
34.06154136
23.99534453
23.9325983

(KL/r)y
181.3799364
157.0796327
140.4962946
128.254983
118.7410412
111.0720735
104.7197551
85.04322617
81.43915834
65.80648212
52.11969403
50.71481571
39.26481548
38.43969289
28.711707
28.24376924
19.94670667
12.80235616
12.68585304
6.852704688
6.812308273
2.399534453
2.39325983

Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical

Inelastic Column Buckling

( T/ Y)

Normalized critical stress

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

KL/r ratio
(KL/r)x

(KL/r)y

140

160

180

200

Normalized column capacity

Column Inelastic Buckling

1.2

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.0
0.0

0.5

Num-x
Elastic

1.0

Num-y

Lambda
AISC-Design

1.5

Analytical-x
Analytical-y

2.0