Objectives:
CV, or integral, forms of equations are useful for determining overall effects
However, we cannot obtain detailed knowledge about the flow field inside the CV
motivation for differential analysis
Acceleration Field
r
r
V particle V x particle t , y particle t , z particle t
r
a particle
dx particle
dt
r
a particle
r
r
r
r
V dt V dx particle V dy particle V dz particle
t dt x dt
y dt
z dt
u,
dy particle
dt
v,
dz particle
dt
r
r
r
r
V
V
V
V
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
Acceleration Field
In vector form, the acceleration can be written as
r
r
r r r
dV V
r
a x, y , z , t
V g V
dt
t
First term is called the local acceleration and is nonzero only for
unsteady flows.
Second term is called the convective (advective) acceleration and
accounts for the effect of the fluid particle moving to a new location
in the flow, where the velocity is different.
Material Derivative
The total derivative operator d/dt is call the material
derivative and is often given special notation, D/Dt.
r
r
r
r r r
DV dV V
V g V
Dt
dt
t
Problem
Flow through the converging nozzle can be approximated by
the one-dimensional velocity distribution
(a) Find a general expression for the fluid acceleration in the
nozzle. (b) For the specific case V0 = 10 ft/s and L = 6 in,
compute the acceleration, in gs, at the entrance and at the exit.
Kinematic Description
In fluid mechanics, an element
may undergo four fundamental
types of motion.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Translation
Rotation
Linear strain
Shear strain
r
r
r r
V ui vj wk
xx
u
v
w
, yy , zz
x
y
z
1 DV
u v w
xx yy zz
V Dt
x y z
Since the volume of a fluid element is constant for an incompressible
flow, the volumetric strain rate must be zero.
1 v w
1 u v
1 w u
xy
, zx
, yz
2 y x
2 x z
2 z y
xx
ij yx
zx
xy xz
1
yy yz
2
zy zz
1
2
u
x
1 u v
2 y x
v u
x y
v
y
w u
x z
1 w v
2 y z
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1 u w
2 z x
1 v w
2 z y
Problem
Given the steady,
distribution V=
incompressible
velocity
3 xi Cyj 0k
xy
where C is a constant, estimate the shearstress
at the point (x,y,z).
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Cylindrical coordinates
r 1 u z u r ur u z r ru ur r
er
e
ez
z
r
z
r
r
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13
ur 0, u r
r 1 ru ur r 1 r 2 r
r
ez
0 ez 2ez
r r
r
r
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K
r
ru ur r 1 K r
r
ez
0 ez 0ez
r
r r
ur 0, u
r 1
r
Problem
A velocity field is given by
V= (3y2-3x2) i + Cxy j + 0 k
Determine the value of the constant C if the flow is to
be irrotational.
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Conservation of Mass
Recall CV form from Reynolds Transport
Theorem (RTT)
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Conservation of Mass
Divergence Theorem
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Conservation of Mass
Divergence Theorem
Rewrite conservation of mass
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Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series
First, define an
infinitesimal control
volume dx x dy x dz
Next, we approximate the
mass flow rate into or out
of each of the 6 faces
using Taylor series
expansions around the
center point, e.g., at the
right face
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Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series
Area of right
face = dy dz
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Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series
Now, sum up the mass flow rates into and out of
the 6 faces of the CV
Net mass flow rate into CV:
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Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series
After substitution,
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Conservation of Mass
Alternative form
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Conservation of Mass
Cylindrical coordinates
There are many problems which are simpler to solve if
the equations are written in cylindrical-polar coordinates
Easiest way to convert from Cartesian is to use vector
form and definition of divergence operator in cylindrical
coordinates
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Conservation of Mass
Cylindrical coordinates
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Conservation of Mass
Special Cases
Cartesian
Cylindrical
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Conservation of Mass
Special Cases
Incompressible flow
and = constant
Cartesian
Cylindrical
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Conservation of Mass
In general, continuity equation cannot be
used by itself to solve for flow field,
however it can be used to
1. Determine if velocity field is incompressible
2. Find missing velocity component
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Problem
A velocity field is given by
V= (3y2-3x2) i + Cxy j + 0 k
Determine the value of the constant C if the flow is to
be incompressible.
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Streamlines
A Streamline is a curve that is
everywhere tangent to the
instantaneous local velocity
vector.
Consider an arc length
r
r
r
r
dr dxi dyj dzk
r
dr must be parallel to the local
velocity vector
r
r
r r
V ui vj wk
dr dx dy dz
V
u
v
w
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Streamlines
NASCAR surface pressure contours
and streamlines
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Pathlines
A Pathline is the actual path
traveled by an individual fluid
particle over some time period.
Same as the fluid particle's
material position vector
particle
t , y particle t , z particle t
r r
x xstart
r
Vdt
tstart
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Streaklines
A Streakline is the
locus of fluid particles
that have passed
sequentially through a
prescribed point in the
flow.
Easy to generate in
experiments: dye in a
water flow, or smoke
in an airflow.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Comparisons
For steady flow, streamlines, pathlines, and
streaklines are identical.
For unsteady flow, they can be very different.
Streamlines are an instantaneous picture of the flow
field
Pathlines and Streaklines are flow patterns that have
a time history associated with them.
Streakline: instantaneous snapshot of a timeintegrated flow pattern.
Pathline: time-exposed flow path of an individual
particle.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Timelines
A Timeline is the
locus of fluid particles
that have passed
sequentially through a
prescribed point in the
flow.
Timelines can be
generated using a
hydrogen bubble wire.
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Change in along
streamline is zero
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Problem
Given the incompressible flow V = 3yi + 2xj. Does this
flow satisfy continuity? If so, find the stream function
(x, y) and plot a few streamlines, with arrows.
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Problem solution:
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Problem
An incompressible stream function is defined by
where U and L are positive constants. Use this stream function to find the volume flow Q
passing through the rectangular surface whose corners are defined by (x, y, z) =
(2L, 0, 0), (2L, 0, b), (0, L, b), and (0, L, 0). Show the direction of Q.
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Body
Force
Surface
Force
ij = stress tensor
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Navier-Stokes Equation
First step is to separate ij into pressure and
viscous stresses
xx xy xz p 0
0 xx xy xz
ij yx yy yz 0 p 0 yx yy yz
0
0
zx
zx
zy
zz
zy
zz
Situation not yet improved
Viscous (Deviatoric)
Stress Tensor
6 unknowns in ij 6 unknowns in ij + 1 in P,
which means that weve added 1!
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Navier-Stokes Equation
(toothpaste)
(paint)
(quicksand)
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Reduction in the
number of variables is
achieved by relating
shear stress to strainrate tensor.
For Newtonian fluid
with constant
properties
Newtonian closure is analogous
to Hookes Law for elastic solids
Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics
Navier-Stokes Equation
Substituting Newtonian closure into stress
tensor gives
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Navier-Stokes Equation
Substituting ij into Cauchys equation gives the
Navier-Stokes equations
Incompressible NSE
written in vector form
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Navier-Stokes Equation
In addition to vector form, incompressible
N-S equation can be written in several
other forms
Cartesian coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates
Tensor notation
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Navier-Stokes Equation
Cartesian Coordinates
Continuity
X-momentum
Y-momentum
Z-momentum
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How to solve?
Step
equations)
Integrate equations
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Boundary conditions
Boundary conditions are critical to exact,
approximate, and computational solutions.
BCs used in analytical solutions
No-slip boundary condition
Interface boundary condition
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Problem
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Problem
If z is up, what are the conditions on constants a and b
for which the velocity field u = ay, = bx, w = 0 is an
exact solution to the continuity and Navier-Stokes
equations for incompressible flow?
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