Chapter

14
The Brain
and Cranial
Nerves
PowerPoint Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves

Figure 1418 Origins of the Cranial Nerves.

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Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Nerves (I)
Primary function
Special sensory (smell)

Origin
Receptors of olfactory epithelium

Pathway
Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid

Destination
Olfactory bulbs

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Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Nerve Structures
Olfactory bulbs
Located on either side of crista galli

Olfactory tracts
Axons of postsynaptic neurons
Leading to cerebrum

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1419 The Olfactory Nerve.

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Cranial Nerves
Optic Nerves (II)
Primary function
Special sensory (vision)

Origin
Retina of eye

Pathway
Optic canals of sphenoid

Destination
Diencephalon via optic chiasm

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Cranial Nerves
Optic Nerve Structures
Optic chiasm
Where sensory fibers converge
And cross to opposite side of brain

Optic tracts
Reorganized axons
Leading to lateral geniculate nuclei

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1420 The Optic Nerve.

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Cranial Nerves
Oculomotor Nerves (III)
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)

Origin
Mesencephalon

Pathway
Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid

Destination
Somatic motor:
superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles
inferior oblique muscle
levator palpebrae superioris muscle

Visceral motor:
intrinsic eye muscles
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Cranial Nerves
Oculomotor Nerve Structures
Oculomotor nerve
Controls four of six eye-movement muscles
Delivers autonomic fibers to ciliary ganglion:
ciliary ganglion: controls intrinsic muscles of iris and
lens

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Cranial Nerves
The Trochlear Nerves (IV)
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)

Origin
Mesencephalon

Pathway
Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

Destination
Superior oblique muscle

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Cranial Nerves
The Abducens Nerves (VI)
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)

Origin
Pons

Pathway
Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid

Destination
Lateral rectus muscle

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1421 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra-Ocular Muscles.

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Cranial Nerves
The Trigeminal Nerves (V)
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face

Origin
Ophthalmic branch (sensory):
orbital structures
nasal cavity
skin of forehead, upper eyelid, and eyebrow
part of nose

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Cranial Nerves
The Trigeminal Nerves (V)
Origin
Maxillary branch (sensory):

lower eyelid
upper lip, gums, and teeth
cheek and nose
palate and part of pharynx

Mandibular branch (sensory):

lower gums, teeth, and lips
palate and part of tongue

Mandibular branch (motor):

motor nuclei of pons
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Cranial Nerves
The Trigeminal Nerves (V)
Pathway
Ophthalmic branch:
superior orbital fissure

Maxillary branch:
foramen rotundum

Mandibular branch:
foramen ovale

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Cranial Nerves
The Trigeminal Nerves (V)
Destination
Sensory nerves:
sensory nuclei in pons

Motor nerves of mandibular branch:

muscles of mastication

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Cranial Nerves
Trigeminal Nerve Structures
Trigeminal nerves
Largest cranial nerves
With three major branches

Semilunar ganglion
Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1422 The Trigeminal Nerve.

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Cranial Nerves
The Facial Nerves (VII)
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face

Origin
Sensory:
taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue

Motor:
motor nuclei of pons

Pathway
Internal acoustic meatus to facial canals
(stylomastoid foramina)
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Cranial Nerves
The Facial Nerves (VII)
Destination
Sensory:
sensory nuclei of pons

Somatic motor:
muscles of facial expression

Visceral motor:
tear and nasal mucous glands
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

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Cranial Nerves
Facial Nerve Structures
Facial nerve branches
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical branches

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Cranial Nerves
Facial Nerve Structures
Geniculate ganglia
Hold cell bodies of sensory neurons

Pterygopalatine ganglia
Postganglionic fibers innervate glands (lacrimal, nasal cavity,
and pharynx)

Submandibular ganglia
Innervate salivary glands

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1423a The Facial Nerve.

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1423b The Facial Nerve.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves
The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)
Primary function: special sensory
Vestibular branch:
balance and equilibrium

Cochlear branch:
hearing

Origin
Receptors of inner ear

Pathway
Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bones

Destination
Vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla
oblongata

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Cranial Nerves
Vestibulocochlear Nerve Structures
Vestibular branch
Originates at receptors of vestibule (balance)
Connects to vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

Cochlear branch
Originates at sensors of cochlea (hearing)
Connects with cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla
oblongata

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1424 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve.

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Cranial Nerves
The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck

Origins
Sensory:
posterior 1/3 of tongue
part of pharynx and palate
carotid arteries

Motor:
motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
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Cranial Nerves
The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)
Pathway
Jugular foramina between occipital and temporal
bones

Destination
Sensory:
sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata

Somatic motor:
nerves involved in swallowing

Visceral motor:
parotid salivary gland
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Cranial Nerves
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Structures
Superior and inferior ganglion
Sensory neurons of tongue and pharynx

Otic ganglion
Synapse visceral motor fibers

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1425 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve.

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Cranial Nerves
The Vagus Nerves (X)
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor)
Widely distributed in thorax and abdomen

Origins
Sensory:

part of pharynx
auricle and external acoustic meatus
diaphragm
visceral organs of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Motor:
motor nuclei in medulla oblongata
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Cranial Nerves
The Vagus Nerves (X)
Pathway
Jugular foramina
Between occipital and temporal bones

Destination
Sensory:
sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of medulla
oblongata

Visceral motor:
muscles of the palate and pharynx
muscles of the digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular
systems in thoracic and abdominal cavities
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Cranial Nerves
Vagus Nerve Structures
Vagus nerves
Branch and radiate extensively

Superior (jugular) ganglion and inferior

(nodose) ganglion
Hold sensory neurons

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1426 The Vagus Nerve.

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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1426 The Vagus Nerve.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves
The Accessory Nerves (XI)
Primary function
Motor to muscles of neck and upper back

Origin
Motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata

Pathway
Jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones

Destination
Internal branch:
voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx

External branch:
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
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Cranial Nerves
Accessory Nerve Structures
Spinal root
Motor fibers that originate in anterior gray horns of first five
cervical segments of spinal cord

Cranial root
Motor fibers that originate in medulla oblongata

Internal branch
Joins the vagus nerve

External branch
Controls muscles of neck and back

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Cranial Nerves
The Hypoglossal Nerves (XII)
Primary function
Motor (tongue movements)

Origin
Motor nuclei of medulla oblongata

Pathway
Hypoglossal canals of occipital bone

Destination
Muscles of tongue
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Cranial Nerves

Figure 1427 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cranial Nerves

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings