JAWS
Mandible
Maxilla
MECKELS CARTILAGE
MECKELS CARTILAGE
Cartilage of the 1st pharyngeal arch
Forms lower jaw in primitive vertebrates
In humans
a close positional relationship to the developing mandible
Makes no direct contribution
Delimits the region where bone formation will take place
MECKELS CARTILAGE
DEVELOPMENT
At 6 weeks
A solid hyaline cartilaginous rod
Surrounded by a fibrocellular capsule
Extends from the developing ear region (otic capsule) to the midline
of the fused mandibular processes
Two cartilages, one on each side of midline, do not meet at the center
Separated by a thin band of mesenchyme
MANDIBULAR NERVE
Nerve of the 1st arch
Branch of Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Has a close relationship to Meckels cartilage
Begins two-third of the way along the length of the cartilage
Divides into Lingual and Inferior Alveolar branches
Lingual nerve runs on the medial aspect of the cartilage, while inferior alveolar runs on
the lateral aspect
Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) further divides into
Incisor/ incisive nerve
Mental nerve
MANDIBLE
MANDIBLE
Body
Ramus
Alveolar
process
6th week of
embryonic life
Lateral aspect of Meckels
cartilage
Angle formed by the division of IAN into its 2
branches
Condensation of
mesenchyme
7th week of IU
life
Intra-membranous ossification in the
condensation
Forms the first bone of the
Centre of
Ossification
Spread of Bone
formation
Anteriorly to the
midline
Trough of
bone
Comes into approximation with the trough of
opposite side
The two centers of ossification remain separated at the
symphysis
Bone forms over the
nerve
Lateral and medial plates are
joined
Trough converts into a
canal
Backward extension of
Ossification
On the lateral aspect of Meckels
cartilage
To the point where Mandibular nerve divides into lingual
and IAN
MANDIBLE
Rudimentary mandible
Formed by 10 weeks of IU life
Entirely by intramembranous ossification
With little or no involvement of Meckels cartilage
Has neural, alveolar and muscular elements
Growth is assisted by secondary cartilages
Major portion
Posterior
Extremity
Fibrocellular
capsule
Lost
Sphenomandibular
ligament
Small contribution to
mandible by
endochondral
ossification
GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
Growth until birth is influenced by the appearance of
03 secondary cartilages (aka growth cartilages)
Muscular attachments
SECONDARY CARTILAGES
Called as secondary to distinguish from the primary Meckels cartilage
Have a different histologic structure
Have larger cells and less inter-cellular matrix
1. Condylar Cartilage
2. Coronoid Cartilage
3. Symphyseal Cartilage
SECONDARY CARTILAGES
1. CONDYLAR CARTILAGE
Appears at 12 weeks of development
Forms a cone/carrot-shaped mass that occupies the developing ramus
Quickly converted to bone by endochondral ossification
At 20 weeks of IU life
only a thin layer of cartilage remains in the condylar head
Remnant cartilage
Persists till 2nd decade of life (age 10 20 years)
Aids in post-natal growth of mandible
Similar to the epiphyseal cartilage of long bones
SECONDARY CARTILAGES
2. CORONOID CARTILAGE
Appears at about 4 months of development (12 weeks)
Surmounts the anterior border and top of the coronoid process
A transient growth cartilage
Disappears long before birth
SECONDARY CARTILAGES
3. SYMPHYSEAL CARTILAGE
02 in number
Appear in the connective tissue between the two ends of Meckels cartilage
Entirely independent of the Meckels cartilage
Ossified within the first year after birth
4. OTHER
Small island of cartilage
Appear in developing alveolar processes
Variable and transient structures
MAXILLA
MAXILLA - ANATOMY
Body large and pyramidal
Processes
Frontal
Zygomatic
Alveolar
Palatine
Posteriorly
below the orbit toward
the developing
zygoma
Anteriorly
Superiorly
To form the
frontal process
In to the
palatine
process
Trough of
bone
Forms for the infraorbital
nerve
Downward extension of bone from
the trough
Lateral alveolar plate for the maxillary
tooth germs
Medial alveolar plate develops from junction of palatal process and body
of forming maxilla
Lateral and medial plates join to form a trough around
maxillary tooth germs
Tooth germs enclosed in bony crypts by growth of
bone over them
MAXILLA
At birth, maxilla has
Well marked frontal process
Body with little more than the alveolar process containing tooth germs
Small but distinguishable zygomatic processes and palatal processes
Maxillary Sinus
Forms during 16th week of IU life
A shallow groove on the nasal aspect of developing maxilla
At birth rudimentary, about the size of a small pea!
MAXILLA
SECONDARY CARTILAGE
A zygomatic or malar cartilage
Appears in the developing zygomatic process
Adds considerably to the development of maxilla for a short period of time
Membranous ossification
CONGENITAL DEFECTS
EMBRYOGENESIS
A complicated and delicately balanced process
Between 4th and 8th weeks of development
Morphogenesis
Histodifferentiation
CLEFTS
Malformation of a part of the face
May appear as an opening or gap
A collective term bone, soft-tissues, skin etc. all can be
affected
CLASSIFICATION
Tessier Classification
Clefts are numbered 0 to 14.
15 different types of clefts can be put into 4 groups, based on their position:
Midline clefts
Paramedian clefts
Orbital clefts
Lateral clefts
Tessier Classification
CLASSIFICATION
Van der Meulen classification
based on where the development arrest occurs in the embryogenesis
can be divided in four different location groups:
Internasal
Nasal
Nasalmaxillar
Maxillar
Median
Lateral clefts
CLEFTS
Failure of shelves and septum to fuse after contact has been made
Epithelium covering the shelves does not resorb