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Chapter 8

Transient Simulations

Introduction to CFX

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Motivation

Training Manual

Nearly all flows in nature are transient!


Steady-state assumption is possible if we:
Ignore unsteady fluctuations
Employ ensemble/time-averaging to remove unsteadiness (this is what is done
in modeling turbulence)

In CFD, steady-state methods are preferred


Lower computational cost
Easier to postprocess and analyze

Many applications require resolution of transient flow:

Aerodynamics (aircraft, land vehicles,etc.) vortex shedding


Rotating Machinery rotor/stator interaction, stall, surge
Multiphase Flows free surfaces, bubble dynamics
Deforming Domains in-cylinder combustion, store separation
Unsteady Heat Transfer transient heating and cooling
Many more

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Origins of Transient Flow

Training Manual

Natural unsteadiness
Unsteady flow due to growth of instabilities within the fluid or a non-equilibrium
initial fluid state
Examples: natural convection flows, turbulent eddies of all scales, fluid waves
(gravity waves, shock waves)

Forced unsteadiness
Time-dependent boundary conditions, source terms drive the unsteady flow field
Examples: pulsing flow in a nozzle, rotor-stator interaction in a turbine stage

Kelvin-Helmholtz Cloud Instability


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Rotor-Stator Interaction in an Axial Compressor


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Transient CFD Analysis

Training Manual

Simulate a transient flow field over a specified time period


Solution may approach:
Steady-state solution Flow variables stop changing with time
Time-periodic solution Flow variables fluctuate with repeating pattern

Your goal may also be simply to analyze the flow over a prescribed time
interval.
Free surface flows
Moving shock waves
Etc.

Extract quantities of interest


Natural frequencies (e.g. Strouhal Number)
Time-averaged and/or RMS values
Time-related parameters (e.g. time required to cool a hot solid, residence
time of a pollutant)
Spectral data fast Fourier transform (FFT)

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How to Solve a Transient Case


Transient simulations are
solved by computing a solution
for many discrete points in time
At each time point we must
iterate to the solution

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Timestep = 2 s
Initial Time = 0 s
Total Time = 20 s
Coefficient Loops = 5

5 coefficient
Loops

Time (seconds)
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Training Manual

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How to Solve a Transient Case

Training Manual

Similar setup to steady state


The general workflow is
1. Set the Analysis Type to Transient
2. Specify the transient time duration to solve and the time step size
3. Set up physical models and boundary conditions as usual
Boundary conditions may change with time
4. Prescribe initial conditions
Best to use a physically realistic initial condition, such as a steady
solution
5. Assign solver settings
6. Configure transient results files, transient statistics, monitors points
7. Run the solver

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1. Analysis Type

Training Manual

Edit Analysis Type in the Outline tree and set the option to Transient

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2. Time Duration and Time Step

Training Manual

Set the Time Duration


This controls when the simulation will end

Options are:
Total Time
When restarting this time carriers over

Time Per Run


Ignores any time completed in previous runs

Maximum Number of Timesteps


The number of timesteps to perform, including
any completed in previous runs

Number of Timesteps per Run


For this run only. Ignores previously
completed timesteps

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2. Time Duration and Time Step

Training Manual

Set the Time Step size


This controls the spacing in time between
the solutions points

Options are:
Timesteps / Timesteps for the Run

Various formats accepted, e.g.


0.001
0.001, 0.002, 0.002, 0.003
5*0.001, 10*0.05, 20*0.06

Adaptive
Timestep size will change dynamically within
specified limits depending on specified
convergence criteria or Courant number

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2. Time Duration and Time Step

Training Manual

The Time Step size is an important parameter in transient simulations


It must be small enough to resolve time-dependent features
Time step too large to resolve transient
changes. Note the solution points generally
will not lie on the true solution because the
true behaviour has not been resolved.

True solution

Variable of
interest

t
Time
A smaller time step can
resolve the true solution

Variable of
interest

t
Time
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2. Time Duration and Time Step

Training Manual

and it must be small enough to maintain solver stability


The quantity of interest may be changing very slowly (e.g. temperature in a
solid), but you may not be able to use a large timestep if other quantities (e.g.
velocity) have smaller timescales

The Courant Number is often used to estimate a time step:

Velocity t
Courant Number
Element Size
This gives the number of mesh elements the fluid passes through in one
timestep
Typical values are 2 10, but in some cases higher values are acceptable
The average and maximum Courant number is reported in the Solver out
file each timestep

A smaller timestep will typically improve convergence


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3. Boundary Conditions

Training Manual

If required, boundary conditions can be functions of time instead of


constant values
Velocities, Mass flows, pressure conditions, temperatures, etc. can all be
expressed as functions
In CEL expressions use t or Time
Can read in time varying experimental data through User FORTRAN

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4. Initialization

Training Manual

Physically realistic initial conditions


should be used

If a transient simulation is started from


an approximate initial guess the initial
transient will not be accurate
The first few timesteps may not
converge
A smaller time step may be needed
initially to maintain solver stability
For cyclic behavior the first few cycles
can be ignored until a repeatable pattern
is obtained

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Residuals

A converged steady state solution is


often used as the starting point

4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Time (seconds)

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5. Solver Control

Training Manual

The transient scheme defines the numerical


algorithm for the transient term
Two implicit time-stepping schemes are
available:
First Order Backward Euler (more stable)
Second Order Backward Euler (more accurate)

The default Second Order Backward Euler


scheme is generally recommended for most
transient runs
Timestep Initialisation controls the way the
previous timestep is used as the starting
point for the next timestep
Can use the last solution as is
Or the solver can extrapolate the previous
solution to try to provide a better starting point
Not recommended at high Courant numbers

Automatic (default) switches between the two


depending on the Courant number

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5. Solver Control

Training Manual

The Min. and Max. Coeff. Loops set limits


on the number of iterations to use within
each timestep
Should aim to converge each timestep
within about 3 5 loops
Complex physics may need more loops

If convergence is not achieved in the


maximum number of loops, it is generally
better to reduce the timestep size rather
than increase the number of loops
The solution will proceed to the next
timestep regardless of whether the
convergence criteria was met
Important to monitor the solution

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6. Output Control

Training Manual

Transient Results
By default only a final res file is written
No information about the transient solution

Need to define Transient Results under


Output Control

Transient Results Option


Standard
Like a full results file
Can take up a lot of disk space

Smallest
Writes the smallest file which can still be
used for a restart (still quiet large)

Selected Variables
Pick only the variables of interest to give
smaller files

Output Frequency
Controls how often results are written
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6. Output Control

Training Manual

Transient Statistics
Used to generate running statistics for
solution variables

Arithmetic Average, RMS, Minimum,


Maximum, Standard Deviation and Full
(everything) are available options
Pick the variables of interest
Start and Stop Iteration List defines
when to begin and end collecting the
statistics

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6. Output Control

Training Manual

Monitor Points are generally used as in


steady-state simulations
Monitor Coefficient Loop Convergence
creates monitor history for each
iteration within a timestep
Useful to see if quantities of interest are
converging within a timestep
By default only the monitor values from
the end of the timestep are displayed

Tip: Monitoring an expression will


create a transient history chart in the
Solver Manager. This can be easier
than creating the chart from transient
results files after-the-fact, and it doesnt
require transient results files to be
written
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7. Solver Output

Training Manual

Output differs from steady


state in that each time step
now contains coefficient
loop output
Courant number information
shown at the start of each
timestep
Make sure convergence has
been achieved by the end of
the timestep by monitoring
the RMS and MAX residual
plots

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