SCHOOL OF

ENGINEERING

Introduction to Electrical Systems

(Introduction to Electrical and
Electronic Engineering)
2015 Spring Semester
Lecturers:
Dr. Nicolas Rognin
Dr. Alexander Ruderman

Dr. Nicolas Rognin

Associate Professor
Dpt. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Engineering
(Room #: 6211)

Intro to EE, Grant A. Elis

Dr. Nicolas Rognin

Associate Professor
Dpt. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Engineering

Dr. Nicolas Rognin

Associate Professor
Dpt. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Engineering

Classes Schedule
Lectures (6.141)

Monday 11:00-12:50
Wednesday 9:00-10:50
Tutorials (6.402)
Monday 2:00-3:50; 4:00-5:50
Tuesday 2:00-3:50
Wednesday 4:00-5:50
Thursday 11:00-12:50
Labs (6.408)
Monday 9:00-10:50
Tuesday 11:00-12:50
Wednesday 11:00-12:50; 2:00-3:50
Thursday 11:00-12:50
Friday 9:00-10:50; 2:00-3:50; 4:00-5:50

Teaching Assistants

Ms. Meruert Temirbekova

Mr. Azamat Arynov
Mr. Sultangali Arzykulov
Mr. Svyatoslav Nezhivenko

Introduction to Electrical Systems Course

Rationale:

The general purpose of the module is to have the students exposed to

calculation of resistive circuits (DC analysis); circuits with inductances
and capacitances (sinusoidal steady-state and transient analysis);
frequency response / Bode plots; transformers; amplifiers; logic circuits

Recommended Textbook
Allan R. Hambley. Electrical Engineering. Principles and

Applications. 6th edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2013

Relevant chapters
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Resistive Circuits
Chapter 3. Inductance and Capacitance
Chapter 4. Transients
Chapter 5. Steady State Sinusoidal Analysis
Chapter 6. Frequency Analysis, Bode Plots, and Resonance
Chapter 7. Logic Circuits
Chapter 11. Amplifiers
Chapter 15. Transformers

What is Electrical and Electronic

Engineering (EEE)?
Electrical engineering mostly deals with power
and energy systems and Electronic engineering with information systems
Power and energy systems: power is converted
from one form to another and bulk energy is
transmitted from one place to another
Information systems: electrical means are used
to transmit, store, and process information

There are eight major areas in EEE - 1

1.Communication systems transport information in electrical
form
(Cellular phones, radio, satellite television, and the internet
are examples of these systems)
2. Computer systems process and store information in digital
form
3. Control systems gather information with sensors and use
electrical energy to control a physical process
4. Electromagnetics is the study and application of electric
and magnetic fields
(Cellular phones, microwaves, antennas, electrical machines
are examples of usage of these fields)

10

There are eight major areas in EEE - 2

5. Electronics study and application of materials, devices, and
circuits used in switching and manipulating electrical signals
(amplifying, modifying etc both power and information)
(Electronic instrumentation, components - transistors, diodes etc. are
examples of these systems)
6. Photonics is an exciting new field of science and engineering that
promises to replace conventional computing, signal-processing,
sensing and communication devices based on manipulating electrons
with greatly improved products based on manipulating photons
(light generation by lasers and LEDs, transmission of light through
optical components, as well as switching, modulation, amplification,
detection, and steering light by electrical, acoustical, photon-based
devices
(DVD disks, holograms, optical signal processing, and fiber-optic
communication systems)
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There are eight major areas in EEE - 3

7. Power and Energy Systems convert energy to and from
electrical form and transmit energy over long distances
(Generators, transformers, distribution lines, power electronic
converters, motors, drives are examples of such systems)
8. Signal processing is concerned with information-bearing
signals. Often, the objective is to extract useful information
from electrical signals derived from sensors.
(Examples are application of machine vision for robotics,
speech recognition, biomedical applications like automated
electrocardiogram EKG interpretation etc)

12

Power and Energy

Systems

13

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 0
In this course, we will study circuit theory. Circuit theory is a low
frequency approximation of electromagnetic field theory
The wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic wave are
connected via the speed of light

f c
c 300,000,000m / s
For

1m

- light speed in vacuum

f 300,000,000 Hz 300 MHz

So to use circuit theory approximation, the signals frequency

must be much lower

14

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 1
Definition of electric circuit:
An electric circuit consists of various types of circuit elements
connected in closed path by conductors.
Example is the headlight
circuit of an automobile.
The circuit is closed if
switch is closed and
circuit is open when the
switch is open.

15

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 2

Another example of circuit with basic circuit elements

Voltage source create

forces (e.m.f.) that cause
charge to flow through the
conductors (wires) and
other circuit elements

16

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 2

Definition of electric current:
Electric current is the time rate of flow of electric charge
through a conductor or circuit element
The units are amperes (A), which are equivalent to
Coulombs per second (the charge of an electron is
-1.60210-19 C)
In Russian -
The reference direction for the flow needs to be selected
Positive charge crossing in the reference direction is
counted as a positive contribution to net charge and positive
charge crossing opposite to the reference is counted as a
negative contribution

17

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 3

Definition of electric current:

Electric current is the time rate of flow of electric charge
through a conductor or circuit element
The electrical current flowing through the element in the
reference direction is

If current is given, then the charge is

18

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 4

In analyzing electrical circuits, we may not initially know the
actual direction of current flow in a particular circuit element
Therefore, we start assigning current variables and arbitrarily
selecting a reference direction for each current of interest

Solving for the current values may have negative values for
some currents.
That means those currents actually flow in opposite direction
with respect to the selected reference directions

19

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 5

Definitions of dc and ac currents:

Direct current (dc) is a current constant with time
Alternating current (ac) is a current that varies with time

When ac current i(t)

takes negative values,
the
actual
current
direction is opposite to
the reference one for
this current

20

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 6

One way to indicate the reference direction for currents is

to use arrows alongside circuit elements or conductors.
Other way of doing that is to label the ends of the element
and use double subscripts as shown for the resistive
element below

The iab has its reference direction pointing from a to b and iba
has its reference direction pointing from b to a. Obviously,
iab = - iba in terms of directions.

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Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 7

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Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 8

Definition of voltage:
The voltage associated with a circuit element is the energy
transferred per unit of charge that flows through the element
The units of voltage are volts (V), which are equivalent to
Joules per Coulomb (J/C)
For example, if the voltage across the terminals of battery
is 12 V, which means energy of 12 J are transferred to or
from the battery for each Coulomb that flows through it

23

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 9

Voltages are assigned polarities that indicate the direction
of energy flow as shown in figure below

If positive charge moves from the positive polarity through

the element towards the negative polarity, the element
absorbs energy that appears as heat, mechanical energy,
stored chemical energy and so on passive element
If positive charge moves from negative polarity towards the
positive one, the element supplies energy active element
(energy source)

24

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 10

If actual polarities of some of the voltages are not known,
we simply assign voltage variables choosing reference
polarities arbitrarily like shown in figure below

Then, after applying circuit principles, we find actual

polarities of the elements in the circuit
If a given voltage has an actual polarity opposite to the
arbitrary chosen one, we obtain a negative value for the
voltage

25

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 11

Another way to indicate the reference polarity of a voltage

is to use double subscript on the voltage variable similar to
the current

vab represents the voltage between points a and b with the

positive reference at point a. Similarly, vba is the voltage
between a and b with positive reference at point b.
Obviously, vab = -vba

26

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 12

Definition of power:
Power p (rate of energy transfer through the element) is the
product of current i through and voltage v across the circuit
element
p=vi or p(t)=v(t)i(t)
In other words, the rate of energy transfer p is the product
of the rate of flow of charge i and the energy transferred per
unit of charge v
The units are:
Volts Amperes = (Joules/Coulombs) (Coulombs/second)
= Joules/second = Watt

27

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 13

The energy can be supplied or absorbed by the circuit

element
The arrangement in figure below when current reference
enters the positive polarity is called passive reference
configuration and power calculated as p=vi

If in the figure above current enters the negative end of the

reference polarity (not a passive reference configuration), we
compute the power as p= -vi

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Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 14

In either case, for a given values of current and voltage:

Positive value for calculated power means that energy is
being absorbed by element
Negative value for calculated power means that energy is
supplied (generated) by element

29

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 15

Example

(a): p= (122) =24 W (passive reference configuration,

positive power, and the power is absorbed)
(b): p= - (121) =-12 W (non passive reference
configuration, negative power, and the power is supplied)
(c): p= 12 (-3) = -36 W (passive reference configuration,
negative power, and the power is supplied). In this case
current actually flows in opposite direction
30

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 16

Power and energy calculations

31

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 17
Definitions

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

A node in an electrical circuit is a point at which two or more

circuit elements are joined together
Kirchhoffs Current Law:
The net current entering a node is zero or, alternatively
The sum of the currents entering a node equals the sum
of the currents leaving a node
To compute the net current entering a node, we add
the currents entering and subtract the currents leaving
the node
32

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 18

Example

33

Circuits, Currents, and

- 19
Definition of series Voltages
circuits:
When circuit elements are connected end to end, we say that
they are connected in series provided no other element is
connected to the nodes connecting them
The current that enters a series circuit must flow through each
element in the circuit

ia ib ic
34

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 20

35

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 21
Definition of loop:
A loop in an electric circuit is a closed path starting at a node
and proceeding through circuit elements, eventually returning
to the starting node
Frequently, several loops can be identified for a given circuit

36

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 22
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Definition
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:
The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any
closed path (loop) in an electric circuit (v=0).
In terms of power (p=i v) conservation: at a given instant,
the sum of the power for all of the elements in a circuit must be
zero

37

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages
- 23
While traveling around
the loop, we should
decide whether
a particular voltage should be added or subtracted in the
algebraic sum
If we pass from positive to negative polarity reference of
the voltage while traveling the circuit, it carries a plus sign
Conversely, if we pass from negative to positive polarity
reference of the voltage while traveling the circuit, it carries a
negative sign as shown in figure below

38

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 24
Example

Any 2 KVL equations are linearly independent

39

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 25
Definition of parallel circuits:
We say that two circuit elements are connected in parallel if
both ends of one element are connected directly to
corresponding ends of other

A and B are in parallel connection as well as D, E, and F.

However, C is not in parallel with any other element.

40

Circuits, Currents, and

The voltages across parallel
elements are equal
magnitude and
Voltages
-in26
have the same polarity

41

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 27
Circuit Elements
Conductors
The voltage between the ends of an ideal conductor is zero
regardless of the current flowing through the conductor

When two points in a circuit are connected together by an ideal

conductor, we say that the points are shorted together (they have the
same voltage, or potential)

If no conductors are connected between two parts of a circuit, we say

that an open circuit (no current can flow) exists between the two parts
of the circuit

42

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 28
Circuit Elements
Ideal Independent Voltage Sources
An ideal independent voltage source maintains a specified voltage
across its terminals and it is independent of other elements that are
connected to it and of the current flowing through it
Symbols of independent voltage sources are shown in figure below
A battery is a good example of voltage source

43

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 29
Circuit Elements
Ideal Independent Voltage Sources
We should avoid self-contradictory circuit diagrams such as one
below

Ideal voltage source requires vx = 12V. However, according to the

definition of ideal conductor the voltage should be vx = 0V. So it is
conflicting situation
The same about connecting different ideal voltage sources in parallel

44

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 30
Circuit Elements

Dependent or Controlled Voltage Sources

A dependent or controlled voltage source voltage source has voltage
across its terminals that is a function of other voltages or currents
in the circuit
Symbols of dependent voltage sources are diamonds instead of
circles as shown below

45

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 31
Circuit Elements
Dependent or Controlled Voltage Sources
A voltage-controlled voltage source is a voltage source having a
voltage equal to a constant (gain) times the voltage vx across a pair of
terminals elsewhere else
A current-controlled voltage source is a voltage source having a
voltage equal to a constant (gain) times the current ix through some
other element in the circuit

46

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 32
Circuit Elements
Ideal Independent Current Sources
An ideal independent current source forces a specified constant current to
flow through itself and is independent of other elements connected to it

Symbols of ideal independent current sources are shown in figure below

If an open circuit exists across the
terminals of current source, we have
a contradictory circuit (a); should be a
loop to conduct a current

This is similar to short circuit of voltage

source (duality)

Different ideal current sources cant be connected is series (conflict)

47

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 33
Circuit Elements
Dependent Current Sources
The current flowing through a dependent current source is
determined by a current or voltage elsewhere in the circuit times gain
There are voltage-controlled current source (i=3vx, Fig. a) and
current-controlled current source (i=2iy, Fig. b)

e.g. FET

e.g. BJT

48

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 34
Circuit Elements

Resistance, Conductance and Ohms Law

The voltage v or vab across an ideal resistor is proportional to the
current i through the resistor and the constant of proportionality is the
a
resistance R
v iR

vab iab R
b

The units of resistance V/A, which is called Ohms ()

Conductance is as follows and have units Siemens (S)

1
R
i Gv

49

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 35
Circuit Elements
Resistors
Resistors are made of many types of conductive materials, such as
most metals, their alloys and carbon

The units of resistance V/A, which is called ohms ()

50

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 36
Circuit Elements
Resistors

51

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 37
Circuit Elements
Resistors

52

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 38
Resistance Related to Circuit
PhysicalElements
Parameters

L
A

- is the resistivity of the material

from the tables

A = d2/4
Materials are classified into:
Conductors have lowest resistivity and highest conductivity
Insulators have very high resistivity and very low conductivity
Semiconductors fall between conductors and insulators
Power to resistance calculations: P=vi; P=Ri2; P=v2/R; P=Gv2;
P=i2/G
53

Circuits, Currents, and

Voltages - 39
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohms Law to Solve a Circuit

Solve for vs, vx, ix, and iy

54

Circuits, Currents, and Voltages - 40

Using KVL, KCL, and Ohms Law to Solve a Circuit

1. Ohms Law:
iy

15 V
3A
5

3. Ohms Law:

v x 10ix 20 V

2. KCL:

4. KVL:

ix 0.5ix i y

Vs v x 15

ix 2 A

Vs 35 V
55