Six Sigma - PM - 6-1 - QSM 754 Minitab PowerPoint Slides v8

INTRODUCTION TO
MINITAB VERSION 13
©The National Graduate School of Quality Management v.8 • 1

Minitab Training Agenda
•Worksheet Conventions and Menu Structures
•Minitab Interoperability
•Graphic Capabilities
•Pareto
•Histogram
•Box Plot
•Scatter Plot
•Statistical Capabilities
•Capability Analysis
•Hypothesis Test
•Contingency Tables
•ANOVA
•Design of Experiments (DOE)
Worksheet Format and Structure
Menu Bar
Session Window
Tool Bar
Worksheet Data Window

Data Window Column Conventions
Text Column C1-T Date Column C2-D

(Designated by -T) (Designated by -D)
Numeric Column C3
(No Additional Designation)

Other Data Window Conventions
Data Entry Arrow
Column Names
(Type, Date, Count & Amount
Entered Data for Data

Data Rows Rows 1 through 4

Menu Bar - Menu Conventions
Hot Key Available

(Ctrl-S)
Submenu Available
(… at the end of
selection)

Menu Bar - File Menu
Key Functions
•Worksheet File Management
Save
Print
Data Import

Menu Bar - Edit Menu
Key Functions
•Worksheet File Edits
Select
Delete
Copy
Paste
Dynamic Links

Menu Bar - Manip Menu
Key Functions
•Data Manipulation
Subset/Split
Sort
Rank
Row Data Manipulation
Column Data Manipulation

Menu Bar - Calc Menu
Key Functions
•Calculation Capabilities
Column Calculations
Column/Row Statistics
Data Standardization
Data Extraction
Data Generation

Menu Bar - Stat Menu
Key Functions
•Advanced Statistical Tools and Graphs
Hypothesis Tests
Regression
Design of Experiments
Control Charts
Reliability Testing

Menu Bar - Graph Menu
Key Functions
•Data Plotting Capabilities
Scatter Plot
Trend Plot
Box Plot
Contour/3 D plotting
Dot Plots
Probability Plots
Stem & Leaf Plots

Menu Bar - Data Window Editor Menu
Key Functions
•Advanced Edit and Display Options
Data Brushing
Column Settings
Column Insertion/Moves
Cell Insertion
Worksheet Settings
Note: The Editor Selection is Context

Sensitive. Menu selections will vary for:
•Data Window
•Graph
•Session Window
Depending on which is selected.
Menu Bar - Session Window Editor Menu
Key Functions
Font
Connectivity Settings

Menu Bar - Graph Window Editor Menu
Key Functions
Brushing
Graph Manipulation
Colors
Orientation
Font

Menu Bar - Window Menu
Key Functions
•Advanced Window Display Options
Window Management/Display
Toolbar Manipulation/Display

Menu Bar - Help Menu
Key Functions
•Help and Tutorials
Subject Searches
Statguide
Multiple Tutorials
Minitab on the Web

MINITAB
INTEROPERABILITY

Minitab Interoperability
Minitab
Excel PowerPoint

Starting with Excel...
Load file “Sample 1”

in Excel….

The data is now

loaded into Excel….

Highlight and
Copy the Data….

Move to Minitab...
Open Minitab and

select the column
you want to paste
the data into….

Move to Minitab...
Select Paste from the menu and

the data will be inserted into
the Minitab Worksheet….

Use Minitab to do the Analysis...
Lets say that we would like to

test correlation between the
Predicted Workload and the
actual workload….
•Select Stat… Regression….
Fitted Line Plot…..

Minitab is now asking for us to

identify the columns with the
appropriate date….
•Click in the box for
“Response (Y): Note that our
options now appear in this box.
•This will enter the “Actual
Workload” data in the •Select “Actual Workload” and
Response (Y) data field... hit the select button…..

•Now click in the Predictor
(X): box…. Then click on
“Predicted Workload” and
hit the select button… This
will fill in the “Predictor
(X):” data field...
•Both data fields should now
be filled….
•Select OK...

•Minitab now does the
analysis and presents the
results...
•Note that in this case there
is a graph and an analysis
summary in the Session
Window…
•Let’s say we want to use
both in our PowerPoint
presentation….

Transferring the Analysis...
•Let’s take care of the graph
first….
•Go to Edit…. Copy
Graph...

•Open PowerPoint and select
a blank slide….
•Go to Edit…. Paste
Special...

•Select “Picture (Enhanced
Metafile)… This will give
you the best graphics with
the least amount of trouble.

•Our Minitab graph is now
pasted into the powerpoint
presentation…. We can now
size and position it
accordingly….

•Now we can copy the
analysis from the Session
window…..
•Highlight the text you want
to copy….
•Select Edit….. Copy…..

•Now go back to your
powerpoint presentation…..
•Select Edit….. Paste…..

•Well we got our data, but it

is a bit large…..
•Reduce the font to 12 and
we should be ok…..

Presenting the results....
•Now all we need to

do is tune the
presentation…..
•Here we position the
graph and summary
and put in the
appropriate
takeaway...
•Then we are ready
to present….

Graphic Capabilities

Pareto Chart....
•Let’s generate a Pareto Chart

from a set of data….
•Go to File… Open
Project…. Load the file
Pareto.mpj….
•Now let’s generate the
Pareto Chart...

Pareto Chart....
•Go to:
•Stat…
•Quality Tools…
•Pareto Chart….

Pareto Chart....
Fill out the screen as
follows:
•Our data is already
summarized so we will
use the Chart Defects
table...
•Labels in “Category”…
•Frequencies in
“Quantity”….
•Add title and hit OK..

Pareto Chart....
Minitab now completes

our pareto for us ready to
be copied and pasted into
your PowerPoint
presentation….

Histogram....
•Let’s generate a Histogram

from a set of data….
Project…. Load the file
2_Correlation.mpj….
•Now let’s generate the
Histogram of the GPA
results...

Histogram....
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Histogram…

Histogram....
follows:
•Select GPA for our X
value Graph Variable
•Hit OK…..

Histogram....
Minitab now completes our

histogram for us ready to be
copied and pasted into your
PowerPoint presentation….
This data does not look like it
is very normal….
Let’s use Minitab to test this
distribution for normality…...

Histogram....
•Go to:
•Stat…
•Basic Statistics…
•Display Descriptive
Statistics….

Histogram....
follows:
•Select GPA for our
Variable….
•Select Graphs…..

Histogram....
•Select Graphical
Summary….
•Select OK…..
•Select OK again on
the next screen...

Histogram....
Note that now we not only
have our Histogram but a
number of other descriptive
statistics as well….
This is a great summary
slide...
As for the normality
question, note that our P
value of .038 rejects the null
hypothesis (P<.05). So, we
conclude with 95%
confidence that the data is
not normal…..
Histogram....
•Let’s look at another

“Histogram” tool we
can use to evaluate and
present data….
Project…. Load the
file overfill.mpj….

Histogram....
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Marginal Plot…

Histogram....
follows:
•Select filler 1 for the
Y Variable….
•Select head for the X
Variable
•Select OK…..

Histogram....
Note that now we not only

have our Histogram but a
dot plot of each head data as
well...
Note that head number 6
seems to be the source of
the high readings…..
This type of Histogram is
called a “Marginal Plot”..

Boxplot....
•Let’s look at the same data

using a Boxplot….

Boxplot....
•Go to:
•Stat…
•Display Descriptive
Statistics...

Boxplot....
follows:
•Select “filler 1” for
our Variable….
•Select Graphs…..

Boxplot....
•Select Boxplot of
data….
•Select OK…..
•Select OK again
on the next
screen...

Boxplot....
We now have our

Boxplot of the data...

Boxplot....
•There is another way we

can use Boxplots to view
the data...
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Boxplot...

Boxplot....
follows:
•Select “filler 1” for
our Y Variable….
•Select “head” for our
X Variable….
•Select OK…..

Boxplot....
Note that now we

now have a box plot
broken out by each of
the various heads..
Note that head
number 6 again
seems to be the
source of the high
readings…..

Scatter plot....
•Let’s look at data using a

Scatterplot….
•Go to File… Open Project….
Load the file 2_Correlation.mpj….
•Now let’s generate the Scatterplot
of the GPA results against our Math
and Verbal scores...

Scatter plot....
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Plot...

Scatter Plot....
follows:
•Select GPA for our Y
Variable….
•Select Math and
Verbal for our X
Variables…..
•Select OK when
done...

Scatter plot....
We now have two

Scatter plots of the
data stacked on top of
each other…
We can display this
better by tiling the
graphs….

Scatter plot....
To do this:
•Go to Window…
•Tile...

Scatter plot....
Now we can see

both Scatter plots
of the data…

Scatter plot....
•There is another way we

can generate these scatter
plots….
•Go to:
•Graph…
•Matrix Plot...

Scatter Plot....
follows:
•Click in the “Graph
variables” block
•Highlight all three
available data sets…
•Click on the “Select”
button...
•Select OK when
done...

Scatter plot....
We now have a series

of Scatter plots, each
one corresponding to a
combination of the
data sets available…
Note that there appears
to be a strong
correlation between
Verbal and both Math
and GPA data….

Minitab Statistical Tools

PROCESS CAPABILITY
ANALYSIS

Let’s do a process capability study….
Open Minitab and load the file

Capability.mpj….

SETTING UP THE TEST….
Go to Stat… Quality
Tools…. Capability
Analysis (Weibull)….

SETTING UP THE TEST….
Select “Torque” for our

single data column...
Enter a lower spec of 10

and an upper spec of 30.
Then select “OK”….

INTERPRETING THE DATA….
Note that the data does not

fit the normal curve very
well...
Note that the Long Term

capability (Ppk) is 0.43.
This equates to a Z value of
3*0.43=1.29 standard
deviations or sigma values.
This equates to an expected

defect rate PPM of 147,055.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Setting up the test in Minitab
•Load the file

normality.mpj…..

Checking the Data for Normality….
•It’s important that we

check for normality of
data samples.
•Let’s see how this
works….
•Go to STAT…. Basic
Statistics... Normality
Test….

Set up the Test
•We will test the

“Before” column of
data….
•Check Anderson-
Darling
•Click OK

Analyzing the Results
•Since the P value is greater

than .05 we can assume the
“Before” data is normal
•Now repeat the test for the
“After” Data (this is left to the
student as a learning
exercise..)

Checking for equal variance..
•We now want to see if we

have equal variances in our
samples.
•To perform this test, our data
must be “stacked”.
•To accomplish this go to
Manip… Stack… Stack
Columns….

•Select both of the

available columns (Before
and After) to stack....
•Type in the location where
you want the stacked
data…. In this example we
will use C4….
•Type in the location where
you want the subscripts
stored… In this example we
will use C3….
•Select OK….

•Now that we have our data

stacked, we are ready to test
for equal variances.…
•Go to Stat… ANOVA….
Test for equal Variances...

Setting up the test….
•Our response will be the

actual receipt performance
for the two weeks we are
comparing. In this case we
had put the stacked data in
•Our factors is the label column C4….
column we created when we
stacked the data (C3).. •We set our Confidence
Level for the test (95%).
•Then select “OK”.

Analyzing the data….
•Note that we get a •Here, we see the 95% •The F test results are
graphical summary of confidence intervals for the shown here. We can
both sets of data as two populations. Since they see from the P-Value of
well as the relevant overlap, we know that we will .263 that again we
statistics…. fail to reject the null would fail to reject the
hypothesis. null hypothesis. Note
that the F test assumes
normality
•Levene’s test also

compares the variance
of the two samples and
is robust to nonnormal
data. Again, the P-
Value of .229 indicates
•Here we have box plot that we would fail to
representations of both reject the null
populations. hypothesis.
Lets test the data with a 2 Sample t Test
•Under Stat… Basic

Statistics…. We see- several
-
of the hypothesis tests which
we discussed in class. In this
example we will be using a 2
Sample t Test….
•Go to Stat…. Basic
Statistics.. 2 Sample t…..

•Since we already have

our data stacked, we
will load C4 for our
samples and C3 for our
subscripts.
•Since we have already

tested for equal
variances, we can
check off this box…
•Now select Graphs….

•We see that we have

two options for our
graphical output. For
this small a sample,
Boxplots will not be of
much value so we
select “Dotplots of
data” and hit “OK”. Hit
OK again on the next
screen….

Interpreting the results….
•In the session window we have

each population’s statistics •Note that here we have a P value
calculated for us.. of .922. We therefore find that the
data does not support the
conclusion that there is a
significant difference between the
means of the two populations...

Interpreting the results….
•The dotplot shows how close

the datapoints in the two
populations fall to each other.
The close values of the two
population means (indicated by
the red bar) also shows little
chance that this hypothesis
could be rejected by a larger
sample

Paired Comparisons
• In paired comparisons we are trying to “pair”
observations or treatments. An example would be
to test automatic blood pressure cuffs and a nurse
measuring the blood pressure on the same
patient using a manual instrument.
• It can also be used in measurement system

studies to determine if operators are getting the
same mean value across the same set of
samples.
• Let’s look at an example:

2_Hypothesis_Testing_Shoe_wear.mpj
2_Hypothesis_Testing_Shoe_wear.mpj
• In this example we are trying to determine if shoe

material “A” wear rate is different from shoe
material “B”.
• Our data has been collected using ten boys, whom

were asked to wear one shoe made from each
material.
Ho: Material “A” wear rate = Material “B” wear rate
Ha: Material “A” wear rate ≠ Material “B” wear rate

Paired Comparison
•Go to Stat….
• Paired t…..

Paired Comparison
•Select the samples…

•Go to Graphs….

Paired Comparison
•Select the
Boxplot for our
graphical output..
•Then select OK..

Paired Comparison
We see how the 95%

confidence interval of the
mean relates to the value we
are testing. In this case, the
value falls outside the 95%
confidence interval of the
data mean. This gives us
confirmation that the shoe
materials are significantly
different.

CONTINGENCY TABLES
(CHI SQUARE)

Entering the data….
•Enter the data in a table

format. For this example,
load the file Contingency
Table.mpj...

Let’s set up a contingency table….
•Contingency tables are

found under Stat….
Tables… Chi Square
Test….

•Select the columns

which contain the table.
Then select “OK”

Performing the Analysis….
Note that you will have the critical •Minitab builds the table for you. Note
population and test statistics displayed that our original data is presented and
in the session window. directly below, Minitab calculates the
expected values.
•Here, Minitab calculates the Chi Square
statistic for each data point and totals the
result. The calculated Chi Square
statistic for this problem is 30.846.

ANalysis Of VAriance
ANOVA

Let’s set up the analysis
•Load the file Anova

example.mpj…
•Stack the data in C4 and
place the subscripts in C5

Set up the analysis….
•Select Stat…
•ANOVA…
•One way…

•Select
• C4 Responses
• C5 Factors
•Then select Graphs….

•Choose boxplots
of data...
•Then OK

Analyzing the results….
Note that the P value is less than .05

that means that we reject the null
hypothesis

Let’s Look At Main Effects….
•Choose Stat
•ANOVA
•Main Effects Plot….

Main Effects
Select
•C4 Response
•C5 Factors
•OK

Analyzing Main Effects..
Main Effects Plot - Data Means for Liters Per H
22
21
Liters Per H
20
19
18
Liters/Hr 1 Liters/Hr 2 Liters/Hr 3

Formulation
Formulation 1 Has Lowest Fuel Consumption

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
(DOE)
FUNDAMENTALS

First Create an Experimental
Design...
Go to
•Stat…
•DOE…
•Factorial...
•Create Factorial
Design...

First Create an Experimental
Design...
Select 2 Level
Factorial design with
3 factors
Then go to Display
Available Designs….

Bowling Example (continued)
We can now see the

available experimental
designs…. We will be
using the Full (Factorial)
for 3 factors and we can
see that it will require 8
runs…
Now, select OK and go
back to the main screen.
Once at the main screen
select Designs...

Select your design….

We will be using the Full
(Factorial) and again we
can see that it will
require 8 runs…
select Factors...

Fill in the names for

your factors….
Then fill in the actual
conditions for low (-) or
high (+)
select Options...

Remove the option to

Randomize Runs….
select OK...

Minitab has now

designed our experiment
for us….
Now, type your Data
from each of your
experimental treatments
into C8.
We are now ready to
analyze the results…

Go to
•Stat….
•DOE…
•Factorial...
•Analyze Factorial
Design...

Highlight your Data

column and use Select
to place it in the
Responses box.
Then, select the Terms
Option.

Note that Selected

Terms has all of the
available choices
already selected. We
need do nothing further.
Select OK.
Then, at the main screen
select Graphs

Select your Effects Plots

and reset your Alpha to
.05.
Select OK to return to
the main screen and
then select OK again.

Note that only one effect

has a significance
greater than 95%.
All the remaining factors
and interactions are not
statistically significant.

•Another way we can

look at the data is to look
at the Factorial Plots of
the resulting data.
•Go to
•DOE….
•Factorial…
•Factorial Plots….

•Select Main Effects

Plot and then Setup…

•Select C8 as your
response
•Select
“Wristband”, “Ball”
and “Lane” as
your factors.
•Then select “OK”
and OK again on
the main screen.

•The magnitude of the vertical displacement indicates the strength of the

main effect for that factor. Here we see that the wristband has dramatically
more effect than any other factor. We know from our earlier plots that the
wristband is the only statistically significant effect @ 95% confidence.
•This plot also shows you the direction of the main effects. We clearly
see that the “with” condition is related to the higher level of performance.
•Now lets look at the

interactions....
•Go to
•DOE….
•Factorial…
•Factorial Plots…

•Select InteractionPlot
and then Setup…..

•Select C8 as your
response variable.
•Select “Wristband”,
“Ball” and “Lane” as
your factors.
•Then select “OK” and
OK again on the next
screen….

•We know from our earlier analysis that none of these interactions were
statistically significant for this experiment…..
•The more the

lines diverge from
being parallel, the
more the
interaction.
•We see that the strongest interaction (still not
significant) is between the lane and the ball.

Bowling Example (Session Window)
•This is where Minitab shows us

the Main Effects and Interaction
Effects..
•Note that Wristband has the
strongest effect followed by the
interaction between the Wristband
and the Lane...
•You can also see

that there is zero
error
•This is because
only 1 run was
performed with no
replications

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INTRODUCTION TO

©The National Graduate School of Quality Management v.8 • 1

Worksheet Data Window

©The National Graduate School of Quality Management v.8 • 3

Text Column C1-T Date Column C2-D

©The National Graduate School of Quality Management v.8 • 4

Data Entry Arrow

Entered Data for Data

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Hot Key Available

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Note: The Editor Selection is Context

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Load file “Sample 1”

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The data is now

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Open Minitab and

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Select Paste from the menu and

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Lets say that we would like to

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Minitab is now asking for us to

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•Well we got our data, but it

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•Now all we need to

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•Let’s generate a Pareto Chart

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Minitab now completes

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•Let’s generate a Histogram

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Minitab now completes our

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