Database Access using SQL

A basic introduction
James Brucker

Database Management System

SELECT * FROM
city WHERE name
LIKE Ban%

Client

User
Interface &
communicati
on protocol

Databas
e
Manage
r
Control access to
the database.
authentication
enforce
permissions
data integrity
access services

Database: a
structured, selfdescribing collection
of data.

Client - Server Databases

Database Server is a separate process on a host.

Clients can be on any machine.
Many programs may be clients using a standard API.
"mysql" utility

Server
mysqld

Java App
+JDBC client
Excel client

Client side

server controls
access to
database

Server side

Install Client Software

For this lab, you will access MySQL server on the
network. All you need is a client application. You don't
need to run a MySQL server on your computer.
Client Tools
mysql-workbench-gpl-5.x.y-win32.msi
or use older GUI Tools:
mysql-gui-tools-5.1.7-win32.msi
From: se.cpe.ku.ac.th/download/mysql

Add MySQL "bin" to your Path

This is so you can run the "mysql" command line.
On Windows:
1. Right-click My Computer.
2. Choose Properties.
3. Click "Advanced".
4. Click "Environment Variables".
5. Edit PATH variable and add:
C:\Windows\blah;C:\Program Files\MySql\bin

Exercise

Use the "mysql" command

if machine doesn't have "mysql" then use MySQL

Query Browser GUI.
What is the client version number?
Use help: how do you connect to a server?
dos> mysql --version
mysql Ver 14.12 Distrib 5.0.16, for Win32
dos> mysql --help
displays a long help message

Exercise

Connect to MySQL server on host "se.cpe.ku.ac.th".

user: student password: student

What MySQL version is the server?

dos> mysql -h se.cpe.ku.ac.th -u student -p
Enter password: nisit
mysql> SELECT version();

Structure of a Database

A database system may contain many databases.

Each database is composed of schema and tables.
sql> SHOW databases;
+--------------+
| Database
|
+--------------+
| mysql
|
| test
|
| bank
|
| world
|
+--------------+

MySQL only shows databases that

a user has permission to access.

USE bank;
sql> SHOW tables;
sql>

+----------------+
| Tables_in_bank |
+----------------+
| accounts
|
| clients
|
+----------------+

A Database Structure
Database

Schema

Schema

A database contains schema,

which describe the
organization of the database.
A schema can contain:

Table

Table

Table

Table

field1: t1
field2: t2
field3: t3

field1: t1
field2: t2
field3: t3

field1: t1
field2: t2
field3: t3

field1: t1
field2: t2
field3: t3

indexes

indexes

indexes

indexes

tables - containing data

index files - for fast lookup of
data
stored procedures,
constraints, triggers, and
more

Contents of a Table

A table contains the actual data in records (rows).

A record is composed of fields (columns).
Each record contains one set of data values.

records
(rows)

+------+------------+-------+-------------+---------+
| ID
| Name
| CCode | District
| Populatn
+------+---------------+------------------+--------+
| 3320 | Bangkok
| THA
| Bangkok
| 6320174 |
| 3321 | Nonthaburi | THA
| Nonthaburi | 292100 |
| 3323 | Chiang Mai | THA
| Chiang Mai | 171100 |
+------+------------+-------+-------------+---------+

fields (columns)

Key field for Identifying Rows

A table contains a primary key that uniquely identifies

a row of data.
Each record must have a distinct value of primary key
The primary key is used to relate (join) tables.
ID is the primary key in City table.
+------+------------+-------+-------------+---------+
| ID
| Name
| CCode | District
| Populatn
+------+---------------+------------------+--------+
| 3320 | Bangkok
| THA
| Bangkok
| 6320174 |
| 3321 | Nonthaburi | THA
| Nonthaburi | 292100 |
| 3323 | Chiang Mai | THA
| Chiang Mai | 171100 |
+------+------------+-------+-------------+---------+

Structure of a Table
Every field has:
a name
a data type and length
To view the structure of a table use:
DESCRIBE tablename
sql>

DESCRIBE City;

+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field
| Type
| Null| Key | Default | Extra
|
+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID
| int(11)
| NO | PRI |
| auto_increment |
| Name
| char(35) | NO |
|
|
|
| CountryCode | char(3)
| NO |
|
|
|
| District
| char(20) | NO |
|
|
|
| Population | int(11)
| NO |
| 0
|
|
+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+

Structure of a Table
"SHOW columns FROM tablename"
shows the same information.

sql>

SHOW columns FROM City;

+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field
| Type
| Null| Key | Default | Extra
|
+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID
| int(11)
| NO | PRI |
| auto_increment |
| Name
| char(35) | NO |
|
|
|
| CountryCode | char(3)
| NO |
|
|
|
| District
| char(20) | NO |
|
|
|
| Population | int(11)
| NO |
| 0
|
|
+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+

Fields may have a default

value to use if a value is
not assigned explicitly.

Structured Query Language

Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard

language for accessing information a database.
SQL is case-insensitive and free format.
Enter commands interactively or in a script file.
SQL statements can use multiple lines

end each statement with a semi-colon ;

sql> USE world;

SQL statements end with semidatabase changed.
colon.
sql> SHOW tables;
sql> SHOW columns FROM city;
sql> DECRIBE country;

Exercise
1. Connect to MySQL server on host "se.cpe.ku.ac.th".

user: student password: nisit

2. What databases are on the server?

3. What tables are in the world database?
dos> mysql -h se.cpe.ku.ac.th -u student -p
Enter password: nisit
mysql> SHOW databases;
mysql> USE world;
mysql> SHOW tables;

Exercise
Omit the semi-colon. What happens?

Enter a command on several lines

mysql> SHOW tables
FROM
world
;

No semi-colon.

DESCRIBE
DESCRIBE shows the structure of a table.

same as "SHOW columns FROM tablename".

sql> DESCRIBE city;

+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field
| Type
| Null| Key | Default | Extra
|
+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+
| ID
| int(11)
| NO | PRI |
| auto_increment |
| Name
| char(35) | NO |
|
|
|
| CountryCode | char(3)
| NO |
|
|
|
| District
| char(20) | NO |
|
|
|
| Population | int(11)
| NO |
| 0
|
|
+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+

Exercise
For the world database:

what fields does the Country table have?

what information is in the fields?

which fields contain strings? (char or varchar)

which fields contain floating point values?

what is the primary key of the Country table?

Exercise: Case Sensitivity

Is SQL case sensitive?

Are names of databases and tables case sensitive?

DESCRIBE city;
mysql> describe city;
mysql>

use world;
mysql> use WORLD;
mysql> describe city;
mysql> describe City;
mysql>

Exercise: O-O Analogy of a Table?

Database
table
record (row)
fields (columns)

records
(rows)

Object Oriented
__________________
__________________
__________________

+------+------------+--------------+---------+
| ID
| Name
| District
| Popula..}
+------+------------+--------------+---------+
| 3320 | Bangkok
| Bangkok
| 6320174 |
| 3321 | Nonthaburi | Nonthaburi
| 292100 |
| 3323 | Chiang Mai | Chiang Mai
| 171100 |
+------+------------+--------------+---------+

fields (columns)

Qualifying Names

SQL uses "." to qualify elements of a hierarchy

just like most O-O languages

World.city

"city" table in World db

city.name

name field in city table

World.city.name

fully qualified name

sql> DESCRIBE World.country;

...
sql> SELECT country.name from country;

4 Basic Database Operations

The 4 most common operations:
SELECT

query (search) the data

INSERT

add new records to a table(s)

UPDATE

modify existing record(s)

DELETE

delete record(s) from a table

What is CRUD?
Programmers call these operations "CRUD".
What does CRUD stand for?

Querying Data in a Table

SELECT displays field values from a table:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM table ;

displays ALL rows from the table.

use LIMIT number to limit how many results.

sql> SELECT accountNumber, balance FROM accounts;

+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+
| accountNumber | accountName
| clientID | balance |
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+
| 11111113
| P.Watanapong | 00001001 | 300000 |
| 11111114
| CPE Fund
| 00001002 | 1840000 |
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+

SELECT statement with *

Display values for all fields in table:

SELECT * FROM tablename ;

sql> SELECT * from accounts;

+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+
| accountNumber | accountName
| clientID | balance |
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+
| 11111113
| P.Watanapong | 00001001 | 300000 |
| 11111114
| CPE Fund
| 00001002 | 1840000 |
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+

Qualifying SELECT

Select columns from a table that match some criteria:

SELECT field1, field2, field3
FROM table
WHERE condition
ORDER BY field1,... [ASC|DESC];

Example: cities with population > 5 M

sql> SELECT * FROM City
WHERE population > 5000000
ORDER BY population DESC;

Strings in SQL

Use single quote mark around String constants.

SELECT * FROM Country

WHERE name = 'Thailand';

SELECT * FROM City

WHERE Name = 'Los Angeles';

Exercises
1. What are the first 3 cities in the database?
2. What are the 3 most populous countries in the world?
3. What is the smallest country in the world? How big?

Exercises for Thailand

1. What is the country code for Thailand?

SELECT * from ... WHERE name = 'Thailand'

2. List the cities in Thailand, sorted by largest population

to smallest. Use "ORDER BY ..."

3. What languages are spoken in Thailand?
4. What countries speak Thai?

WHERE conditions
name = 'Bangkok'

equality test

name LIKE 'Bang%'

pattern match

population >= 100000

population < 500000
gnp <> 0

relations

grade IN
('A','B','C','D','F')

contained in set

<> is not equals

Exercise with WHERE & ORDER

1. What is the most populous country in Europe?

use WHERE continent = ...

2. What countries have name beginning with 'Z'?

3. In Thailand what cities have names like Ban______

Count Function
Select can be used with functions, such as COUNT:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM accounts
WHERE balance=0;
sql>

SELECT COUNT(*) from accounts;

+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|
4 |
+----------+
sql>

SELECT COUNT(*) from accounts

WHERE balance > 1000000;

Exercise
1. How many countries are in the database?
2. How many cities are in China?
3. How many countries are in Europe?

Other Functions in SQL

Functions can have arguments, just like C, Java, etc.
SUM( expression )
MAX( expression )
MIN( expression )
COUNT( expression )
sql> SELECT MAX(SurfaceArea) FROM country;
1075400.00 (sq.km.)

WRONG: This will NOT find the largest country!

sql> SELECT MAX(SurfaceArea), Name FROM country;
1075400.00
Afghanistan

SELECT functions

How many people are in the world?

SELECT SUM(Population) FROM Country;

How big is the largest country in Asia?

SELECT MAX(SurfaceArea)
FROM Country WHERE continent='Asia';

What is the version of MySQL?

SELECT version();

Exercise
1. What is the total GNP of the entire world?

sql> SELECT sum(GNP) FROM country

1. What are the richest countries (GNP per person) in the

world?
sql> SELECT name, GNP/population
FROM country
ORDER BY GNP/population DESC
LIMIT 20;
What are the most crowded countries (people per surface

area) in Asia?

Exercise for Functions

Harder:

What are total population and total GNP of each

continent?

Hint: use GROUP BY continent

Expressions and Arithmetic

You can use expressions in SQL.
Arithmetic: + - * / % sqrt()
Grouping: ( )
String ops: substring( ), upper(), length( )

Example: display GNP per person for each country

sql> SELECT name, gnp/population
FROM country
ORDER BY capita_gnp DESC;

AS capita_gnp

Value of GNP is in millions of US Dollars.

How can you show per capita GNP in dollars???

alias

Exercise
1. What countries are the richest? Poorest?

Show the GNP per capita (in US dollars).

Order the results by GNP per capita.

2. What countries are the most crowded?

Crowding refers to population per surface area.

Wildcards to match patterns

Pattern matches: field LIKE 'pattern'

SELECT * FROM city
WHERE name LIKE 'Ban%';
% means "match anything"

Adding New Records

INSERT adds a new record to a table

INSERT INTO table
VALUES ( data1, data2, ...);

sql> INSERT INTO Accounts VALUES

('22222222', 'Ample Rich', '00000001' 10000000);
Query OK, 1 row affected.
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+
| accountNumber | accountName
| clientID | balance |
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+
| 22222222
| Ample Rich
| 00000001 |10000000 |
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+

INSERT into columns by name

INSERT INTO table (field1, field2, ...)
VALUES ( data1, data2, ...);
sql> INSERT INTO Accounts
(accountNumber, balance, accountName)
VALUES
('22222222', 10000000, 'Ample Rich');
Query OK, 1 row affected.
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+
| accountNumber | accountName
| clientID | balance |
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+
| 20000000
| Ample Rich
|
|10000000 |
+---------------+---------------+----------+---------+

Exercise

Add your home town to the City table

or, add another city to the City table.

INSERT INTO city
(name, countryCode, district, population)
VALUES
('Bangsaen', 'THA', 'Chonburi', 30000);

sql>

Query OK, 1 row affected.

The ID field has a qualifier "AUTO_INCREMENT".

(see: "DESCRIBE City")
This means

MySQL will assign the ID value itself.

Exercise

View the City data that you just added!

Correct any errors using UPDATE

sql> SELECT * FROM City

WHERE City.name = 'Bangsaen';
sql> UPDATE City SET population = 33000
WHERE City.name = 'Bangsaen';
Query OK, 1 row affected.

Warning: INSERT is immediate

Change occurs immediately.

unless you are using transactions

Duplicate data is possible.

3 ways to add data to a table

1. INSERT command (boring).
2. Write INSERT commands in a text file and "source"

the file (better).

sql> SOURCE mydata.sql
3. IMPORT command (syntax depends on DBMS):

sql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'filename' INTO

table ...

Copying Data Between Tables

Suppose we have another table named NewAccts

NewAccts has accountNumber, accountName, ...

INSERT INTO table (field1, field2, ...)
SELECT field1, field2, field3
FROM other_table
WHERE condition;

sql> INSERT INTO Accounts

SELECT * FROM NewAccounts
WHERE accountNumber NOT NULL;

UPDATE statement
Change values in one or more records:
UPDATE table
SET field1=value1, field2=value2
WHERE condition;
sql>

UPDATE city
SET population=40000
WHERE name='Bangsaen' AND countrycode='THA';

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)

| name
| countrycode | district | population
|
+----------+-------------+----------+------------------+
| 11111111 | THA
| Chonburi | 40000
|

UPDATE multiple columns

You can change multiple columns:
UPDATE table
SET field1=value1, field2=value2
WHERE condition;
Example: Update population and GNP of Thailand

sql>

UPDATE country
SET population=68100000, gnp=345600
WHERE code='THA';

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)

Source: CIA World Factbook (on the web)

Warning: don't forget WHERE

UPDATE can change every row in a database

Make sure that your WHERE clause selects

only records you want to change!

sql> UPDATE country

SET population=68100000, gnp=345600 ;
Query OK, 240 rows affected (0.14 sec)

Changed every country

in the database!!

Oops!
I forgot "WHERE ..."

Warning: UPDATE is immediate!

Changes occur immediately. (Can't undo w/o trans.)

Be Careful! If you forget the WHERE clause it will

change all the rows in the table!
sql> UPDATE country SET HeadOfState='Obama';
/* Oops! I forgot "WHERE ..." */
+------+----------------+-------------+--------------+
| Code | Name
| Continent
| HeadOfState |
+------+----------------+-------------+--------------+
| AFG | Afghanistan
| Asia
| Obama
|
| NLD | Netherlands
| Europe
| Obama
|
| ALB | Albania
| Europe
| Obama
|
| DZA | Algeria
| Africa
| Obama
|
| ASM | American Samoa | Oceania
| Obama
|
Obama rules!
| AND | Andorra
| Europe
| Obama
|
| AGO | Angola
| Africa
| Obama
|

Exercise

Update the City you added to the database.

Change its population.

Deleting Records

DELETE one or more records

DELETE FROM tablename WHERE condition;

Example: Delete all cities with zero population

sql> DELETE FROM City WHERE population <= 0;

Query OK, 5 rows deleted.

Warning: DELETE can delete all

DELETE affects all rows that match.

DELETE FROM tablename WHERE condition;

Example: Delete all cities with zero population

sql>

DELETE FROM City

WHERE population <= 0;

Query OK, 5 rows deleted.

Safer Delete

First SELECT the key of the row you want

sql> SELECT id FROM City WHERE name='Bangsaen';
6402

If only one match, then delete using primary key

sql>

DELETE FROM City WHERE id=6402;

Relating Tables
The power of a relational database is the
ability to selectively combine data from
many tables.

select data from multiple tables by matching values

Relationship can be:

1-to-1
1-to-many
many-to-1
many-to-many

student -> photograph

country -> city
city -> country
language -> country

Keys
Every table should have a primary key that uniquely identifies each row.

sql> DESCRIBE Country;

+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field
| Type
| Null| Key | Default | Extra
|
+-------------+-----------+-----+-----+---------+----------------+
| Code
| char(3)
| NO | PRI |
|
|
| Name
| char(52) | NO |
|
|
|
| ...
|
|
|
|
|
|

City
ID (PK)
Name
CountryCode (FK)
Population
District

CountryCode

Country
Code (PK)
Name
Continent
Capital
...

Joining Tables

Relate or "join" tables using a condition.

Use "table.field" to qualify a field name:

Country.code
City
ID (PK)
Name
CountryCode (FK)
Population
District

Country.name
1

Country
Code (PK)
Name
Continent
Capital
...

City.countrycode = Country.code

Example: Join Country and City

SELECT Country.Name, City.Name
FROM Country, City
WHERE Country.Code = City.CountryCode
AND
Continent = 'South America';
Country
Code
Name
Continent
Region
SurfaceArea
Population
GNP
LocalName
Capital

City
Country.Code = City.CountryCode

ID
Name
CountryCode
District
Population

Use Aliases to Reduce Typing

SELECT co.Name, c.Name
FROM Country co, City c
WHERE co.Code = c.CountryCode
AND
co.Continent = 'South America';

co is alias for Country

c is alias for City

Exercise: Cities in Laos

List the city names and city populations in Laos.

SELECT co.Name, c.Name, c.Population

FROM Country co, City c
WHERE ...
AND
...;

Exercise
1. How can we find the name of the capital city for each

country?
Country
Code (PK)
Name
Continent
Region
SurfaceArea
Population
GNP
LocalName
Capital

City
ID (PK)
Name
CountryCode
District
Population

Exercise Solution
List the country name and capital city name, for all
countries in Asia.

SELECT co.name, c.name AS CapitalCity

FROM Country co, City c
WHERE ...
AND
... ;

Exercise
1. How can we join the CountryLanguage table with the

County table?
Country
Code (PK)
Name
Continent
Region
SurfaceArea
Population
GNP
LocalName
Capital

CountryLanguage
CountryCode
Language
isOfficial
Percentage

FROM Country CO, CountryLanguage L

WHERE ...

Exercise
1. In what countries is the Thai language spoken?
2. By what percentage of the people?

Example:

SELECT CO.name, L.language, L.percentage

FROM Country CO, CountryLanguage L
WHERE ...
AND
... ;

Answer using Aliases

In what countries is Chinese the official language?

SELECT

C.name, L.language, L.percentage

FROM Country C, CountryLanguage L
WHERE C.code = L.countrycode
AND L.language LIKE '%Chinese'
AND isOfficial = 'T';

you can omit table name

when there is no ambiguity

alias for
CountryLanguage

Exercise
1. What countries use English?

ORDER the results by percentage spoken, from

largest to smallest %.

2. In how many countries is English the official

language?
Harder
3. In the world, approximately how many people speak

English?

sum( C.population * L.percentage / 100 )

JOIN

Joins tables

Many forms:

INNER JOIN (include only matching columns)

OUTER JOIN (include all columns)

LEFT OUTER JOIN

NATURAL JOIN

CONDITION JOIN

"JOIN" means "INNER JOIN" in MySql.

Example of a Condition Join

JOIN the CountryLanguage and Language tables

using the country code:

SELECT CO.Name, L.language, L.percentage

FROM Country CO
JOIN CountryLanguage L
ON CO.code = L.countrycode
WHERE ...;

Exercise

JOIN the Country and Language tables.

View Country name and language with "SELECT ..."

How many times is Thailand listed in the results?

How can you order the results by language ?

Multiple Table Join

You can join many tables at one time:

SELECT CO.name, C.*, L.language

FROM Country CO
JOIN CountryLanguage L
ON CO.code = L.countrycode
JOIN City C
ON CO.code = C.countrycode
WHERE ...; /* more conditions */

More SELECT Syntax

GROUP BY ...
GROUP BY ... is used when you want to apply a
function (count, sum, avg) to a group of rows having a
common characteristic.
Example: How many countries are in each continent?
SELECT continent, count(*) FROM country
GROUP BY continent

GROUP BY Exercise
What is the total population of each continent?
use sum(population) and GROUP BY

SELECT continent, SUM(population)

FROM ...
GROUP BY ...

Logical operations

OR
SELECT * FROM City WHERE
District='Songkhla' OR District='Bangkok';

AND
SELECT Name, SurfaceArea FROM Country WHERE
Continent = 'Africa' AND SurfaceArea > 1000000;

NOT
SELECT * FROM Accounts WHERE
NOT AvailableBalance = 0;

Set operations

IN
SELECT * FROM City WHERE
District IN ('Songkhla', 'Bangkok');

Exercise for matching

1. How many countries have a government that is any

form of monarchy?

match any government containing 'Monarchy'

How many are some form of monarchy, but not a

Constitutional Monarchy (like Thailand)?

GROUP BY ... HAVING ...

GROUP BY ... used to apply a function to a group of rows having a
characteristic.
HAVING ... is used to put a condition on the groups.
Example: What countries have more than one official lanaguage???

SELECT countrycode, count(language)

FROM countrylanguage

???

GROUP BY ... HAVING ...

(1) First, how to count official languages in each country?

SELECT countrycode, count(language)

FROM countrylanguage
WHERE isOfficial='T'
GROUP BY countrycode

GROUP BY ... HAVING ...

(2) add HAVING to restrict results to count( ) > 1

SELECT countrycode, count(language)

FROM countrylanguage
WHERE isOfficial='T'
GROUP BY countrycode
HAVING count(language) > 1

Getting Help
Online help for
HELP for the mysql command
HELP for SQL statements
mysql> HELP
mysql> HELP SELECT

If MySql doesn't have help on SQL commands, then load the "help
tables" data onto your server. Download help table data from:
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads in the "Documentation" section.

Subqueries

Use the result of one query as part of another query.

Example: Which country has the largest population?

SELECT Name, Population
FROM country
WHERE Population =
( SELECT max(population) FROM country);

Subquery
To use subqueries in MySQL you need version 4.1 or newer.

Exercise

In which country do people live the longest?

How long to they live?

SELECT Name, LifeExpectancy

FROM country
WHERE LifeExpectancy =
( insert subquery here )
;

LIMIT instead of subquery

Another way to get a "most" or "least" result:

ORDER results by what you want. Use ASC or DESC

use LIMIT 1 to limit number of results.

SELECT Name, Population

FROM country
ORDER BY Population DESC
LIMIT 1;

Exercise

Which nation is the most crowded?

Find the country with maximum population density

(population per sq. km.)

Show the name and the population density

Hint: create an alias for a computed field:

sql> SELECT name,
population/surfaceArea AS density
WHERE ...
Alias:
density := population/surfaceArea

Exercise
Is Thailand richer than other countries in Southest Asia?

List the name and GNP/population (=wealth)

of countries in the same region as Thailand.

use a subquery for "the region of Thailand":

SELECT ...
FROM Country
WHERE region = (SELECT region WHERE ...)
ORDER BY ...;
order the results by wealth

Exercise: increasing wealth

Thailand has decided to annex (invade) either
Cambodia, Laus, Vietnam, or Malaysia.
The invaded country will become part of the new
Thailand.
The government wants the combined country to be
wealthier than Thailand is now. "wealth" means
GNP/population.
What country should Thailand invade?

Data Definition Commands

These commands alter the structure of a database

CREATE

create a Table, Index, or Database

ALTER

modify structure of a Database or Table

DROP

delete an entire Table, Index, or Database

RENAME

rename a Table

Creating a Table
To add a new table to a database:
CREATE TABLE tablename
(field1, field2, ... )
options ;

sql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER (

accountNumber VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL,
clientID
VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
balance
DOUBLE DEFAULT '0',
availableBalance DOUBLE DEFAULT '0'
) ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected.

Productivity Hint

Type the "CREATE TABLE" statement into a file.

"source" the file in mysql: source filename;
File: /temp/create-table.sql

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER (

accountNumber CHAR(10) NOT NULL,

clientID
VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
balance
DOUBLE DEFAULT '0',
availableBalance DOUBLE DEFAULT '0',
PRIMARY KEY( clientID )
) ;
sql> SOURCE /temp/create-table.sql;
Query OK, 0 rows affected.

Deleting Records a Table

You must specify a "WHERE" clause for rows to delete.
If there is no "WHERE", it deletes all rows !!

DELETE FROM tablename

WHERE condition ;

-- first use SELECT to verify condition

sql> SELECT * FROM city
WHERE name="Bangsaen";
sql> DELETE FROM city
WHERE name="Bangsaen";
Query OK, 1 row affected.

Exercise

Delete the city you added to the City table.

On a friend's machine, is it deleted immediately?

Deleting a Table
Remove a table from the database

DROP TABLE tablename ;

sql> DROP TABLE CUSTOMER ;

Views

A View is like a "virtual table" containing selected data

from one or more real tables.
Country
Name
Continent
Code
...
CountryLan
guage
Language
Percentage
isOfficial
...

CREATE VIEW MyView AS ...

MyView
Name
Language
Percentage

View Example
Create a view for country name, languages, and
percentage.
sql> CREATE VIEW lang
AS
SELECT name, language, percentage
FROM Country C, CountryLanguage L
WHERE C.code = L.countrycode
ORDER BY language ASC;
Query OK, 0 rows affected.

Use the view to browse data:

sql>

SELECT * FROM lang WHERE language='Thai';

Productivity Hint

Type the "CREATE VIEW" statement into a file.

Read the file into mysql: source filename;
File: langview.sql

CREATE VIEW lang AS

SELECT name, language, percentage
FROM Country C, CountryLanguage L
WHERE C.code = L.countrycode;

sql> SOURCE langview.sql;

Query OK, 0 rows affected.

Exercise

Create a view that shows these fields:

City.name as name
Country.name as country
Region
Population of the city
Official language
id of the city

Each person should use a different name for his view, to

avoid interfering with each other.

List the tables in world ( show tables ).

Exercise

List the cities in Southest Asia where English is the

official language and population is over 100,000.

Exercise

Ask MySQL to "describe" your view.

Delete your view:

DROP VIEW viewname ;

Review
What is the command to ...
1. list all the databases that you have access to?
2. use the Bank database?
3. view a list of tables in Bank?
4. view the structure of the Accounts table?

SQL Quiz
Database Game

Vocabulary

"largest" and "smallest" refer to size (surfaceArea).

"most populous", "least populous" refer to population

and population > 0. (exclude unpopulated nations)

"richest", "poorest" means GNP per capita

not total GNP,
and GNP > 0 (GNP = 0 means no data).

"most crowded" refers to population/surfaceArea

Language Hints

"Fortran is an official language" means its an official

language of the country

"Pascal is spoken unofficially" means it is spoken, but

not an official language

"COBOL is spoken" means COBOL is a language

and percentage > 0

What is the World's Smallest Nation?

How big is it?

What is the Largest Country in Africa?

Show the SQL

How big is it?

What are the Poorest Countries in

Asia?

must have GNP data (GNP > 0)

List 3 poorest nations.

What is the GNP per person?

NOTE: GNP is measured in $1,000,000. Multiply your

answer by 1,000,000 to get US$.

What is the Richest Country in the

Middle East (region)?

What is the GNP per person?

Show result is US$ (not million).
Round the income to nearest dollar!

WRONG: 12345.6789

NOTE: GNP is database is measured in $1,000,000.

Multiply your answer by 1,000,000 to get US$.

In what countries is Thai spoken?

SELECT ...
FROM Country C
JOIN CountryLanguage L
ON C.code = L.countrycode
WHERE ...

How many people speak English?

2 queries:
how many in each country
total for world

SELECT
FROM
JOIN
ON
WHERE

...
Country C
CountryLanguage L
C.code = L.countrycode
...

History of Empires through Language

Empires are cultures that spread over many countries.
We can detect past Empires by the spread of language.

What languages are spoken in greatest number of countries?

Can you name the Empire?

History of Empires through Language

We can detect past Empires by the spread of language.

What languages are spoken in greatest number of

countries?

SELECT L.language,
sum(L.percentage*C.population) AS sum
FROM Country C
JOIN CountryLanguage L
ON C.code = L.countrycode
GROUP BY L.language
ORDER BY sum DESC

What cities have a population > 6M ?

Print city name, population, and country name

Sort by population -- largest first

+-----------------+------------+-------------------------+
| name
| population | country_name
|
+-----------------+------------+-------------------------+
...
| Bangkok
|
6320174 | Thailand
|
...

Where is Dari the Official Language?

In what country is Dari the official language?

4 official languages?
What country in Europe has 4 official languages?

SELECT
FROM
JOIN
ON
WHERE
GROUP
HAVING

...
Country C
CountryLanguage L
C.code = L.countrycode
...
BY C.code -- group by country
...

Resources
MySQL

http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/

Learning SQL

http://www.w3schools.com/sql/
nice tutorial and command reference