[Chapter 9]
Introduction
Transformers are one of the most useful electrical devices
provides a change in voltage and current levels
provides galvanic isolation between different electrical circuits
changes the apparent magnitude value of an impedance
Voltage Induction
Applied Voltage
Consider a coil connected across an AC
voltage source
the coil and source resistances are negligible
the induced voltage E must equal the source
voltage; KVL
a sinusoidal AC flux must exist to generate the
induced voltage on the N turns of the coil
o max varies in proportion to Eg
o placing an iron core in the coil will not change the flux
Induced Voltages
Example
a coil, having 4000 turns, links an AC flux with a peak value
of 2 mWb at a frequency of 60 Hz
calculate the rms value of the induced voltage
what is the frequency of the induced voltage?
Example
a coil, having 90 turns, is connected to a 120 V, 60 Hz source
the rms magnetization current is 4 A
calculate the peak value of the flux and the mmf
find the inductive reactance and the inductance of the coil
Elementary Transformer
Consider an air-core coil
excited by an AC source Eg
draws a magnetization current Im
produces a total flux
Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer
Voltage relationship
consider a transformer with two coils of
N1 and N2 turns
a magnetizing current Im creates a flux
m
the flux varies sinusoidally and has a
peak value of max
the induced voltages are
Ideal Transformer
Current relationship
let a load be connected across the
secondary of an ideal transformer
current I2 will immediately flow
I2 = E2 / Z
coil voltages E1 and E2 cannot
change when connected to a fixed
voltage source and hence flux m
cannot change
current I2 produces an mmf
mmf2 = N2 I2
if mmf2 acts along, it would
profoundly change m
Ideal Transformer
Ideal Transformer
Example
a not so ideal transformer has 200 turns in the primary coil and 10 turns in
the secondary coil. the mutual coupling is perfect, but the magnetization
current is 1 A. the primary coil is connected to a 480 V, 60 Hz source.
calculate the secondary rms voltage, peak voltage
Example
for the transformer above, a load is connected to the secondary coil that
draws 80 A of current at a 0.8 lagging pf. calculate the primary rms current
and draw the phasor diagram
Impedance Ratio
Shifting
Impedances
Shifting Impedances
In general, as an impedance is
shifted across the transformer
Example
using the shifting of impedances calculate
the voltage E and current I in the circuit,
knowing that the turns ratio is 1:100
Ideal Transformer
Tutorials
Problems: 9-1, 9-4, 9-6, 9-7