Outlines
Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation is written to represent a chemical
reaction.
The following example illustrates the information that is
conveyed by a chemical equation.
Methane is the principal component of natural gas. Methane
burns in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
and water.
In this reaction methane and oxygen are the reactants, and
carbon dioxide and water are the products.
The chemical equation corresponding to this reaction is:
Chemical Equations
Although this equation is a qualitative
statement of fact, "Methane and oxygen
react to form carbon dioxide and water," it
is not quantitatively correct.
The law of conservation of mass has not
been obeyed. To correct this, we must
balance the equation by changing
coefficients where appropriate.
Chemical Equations
Coefficients are the numbers that appear to the left of the
chemical symbols. When no number appears to the left of a
chemical symbol, as is the case for each reactant and
product in this equation, the coefficient is presumed to be
one.
This type of equation can be balanced by inspection. The
first disparity to be corrected is the number of hydrogen
atoms. In the unbalanced equation there are four hydrogen
atoms to the left of the arrow and only two to the right. To
fix this, we change the coefficient of water, on the right,
to a 2.
Chemical Equations
The ability to balance equations
proficiently is vitally important. Some
tips:
Adjust the coefficients for compounds
first and elements last.
For now, balance equations using only
whole numbers.
Outlines
Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Elements in the same group in the
periodic table tend to have very
similar chemical properties.
Sodium and potassium, for example,
each react with water in the same
way to produce the corresponding
metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
In fact, all of the members of group 1A (
alkali metals) react with water in the same
way.
The equation corresponding to this general
reaction is
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Sodium and Potassium in Water
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Because there are so many different
chemical reactions, it is helpful to organize
them by recognizing that many reactions
fall into one of a small number of
categories.
For instance,
2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
The reactions they represent,
though, all fall into the category of
decomposition reactions.
Essentially the opposites of
decomposition, combination reactions
are those in which two or more
reactants react to form a single
product.
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Other categories of common reactions include
combustion reactions and oxidation-reduction reactions.
Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons and related
compounds constitute an enormous number of reactions,
many of which are very useful.
Combustion of such compounds involves combination with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. We have
already seen an example of a combustion reaction in Section
3.1, namely the combustion of methane.
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Other substances can undergo
combustion, too.
For example, hydrogen combines with
oxygen to produce only water.
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Elemental sulfur combines with
oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide.
Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Airbags
Outlines
Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants
Outlines
Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants
The Mole
Just as a baker uses "dozen" to mean twelve, a
chemist uses "mole" (abbreviated mol) to mean
6.022 x 1023.
Further, just as the word dozen can apply to any
collection of twelve objects, the word mole can
apply to any collection of 6.022 x 1023 objects,
whether they be atoms, molecules, or ions.
Using the atomic mass unit scale, we can
determine the mass of a mole of water molecules.
The Mole
Converting this to grams gives us a
number of more convenient
magnitude.
The Mole
It is not a coincidence that we ended up with the
same number in grams as the original number of
amus.
Just as one molecule of water has a mass of
18.02 amu, one mole of water molecules has a
mass of 18.02 grams.
Likewise, the mass of a molecule of CO2 is 44.01
amu, and the mass of a mole of CO2 molecules is
44.01 grams. Half of that mass would contain half
as many particles.
The Mole
Outlines
Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants
C = 81.32 g
H = 5.12 g
O = 13.56 g
C:H:O = 81.32/12 : 5.12/1 : 13.56/16
C:H:O = 6.7767 : 5.12 : 0.8475 = 8:6:1
Find:
Mass %
elements
Empirical
formula
Assume 100 g
sample
Calculate
mol ratio
Grams of each
element
Use atomic
weights
Moles of each
element
Outlines
Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants
Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
In addition to being both a qualitative and quantitative
statement of fact, a balanced chemical equation is an
algebraic equality in which the arrow is the equal sign.
This means that we can manipulate a balanced chemical
equation in much the same way as we can manipulate any
other algebraic equality.
For instance, we can multiply one of the reactants by a
numberas long as we multiply everything else in the
equation by that same number.
2 H 2 ( g ) O2 ( g ) 2 H 2O(l )
Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
The quantitative statement of fact is, "Two molecules of
hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to produce
two molecules of water." Or, "Two moles of hydrogen react
with one mole of oxygen to produce two moles of water."
Suppose we wanted to know how many moles of water
would be produced by the reaction of four moles of
hydrogen? We can simply multiply the amount of hydrogen
by 2as long as we multiply everything else by 2 as well.
4 H 2 ( g ) 2O2 ( g ) 4 H 2O(l )
Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
Sample Exercise
How many grams of water are produced in
the combustion of 1.00 g of glucose
Solution:
1. Convert grams of C6H12O6 mol of
C6H12O6
Sample Exercise
1 mol C 6 H12 O 6
6 mol H 2 O
1 mol C 6 H12 O 6
6 mol H 2 O
1 mol C 6 H12 O 6
18.0 g H 2O
1 mol H 2 O
Outlines
Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants
Limiting Reactants
When chemists carry out reactions,
they seldom do so by using
stoichiometric amounts of reactants.
In general, one reactant will be
consumed completely and will limit
the amount of product that can be
formed.
Limiting Reactants
Limitting reactants
Limiting Reactants
The amount of product that can be produced if
the limiting reactant is consumed completely is
the theoretical yield.
In practice, the theoretical yield is seldom
achieved.
Under real world conditions a variety of
factors, including experimental error and
efficiency of the reaction, make it impossible
to produce the theoretical amount.
Limiting Reactants
The smaller amount that is actually
produced is called the actual yield.
The percent yield is calculated
using the actual (measured) and
theoretical (calculated) yields and
is a measure of the efficiency of
the overall process.
Limiting Reactants
Limiting Reactants
Limiting Reagents
Thank You