FOR
CONVECTION
- DIFFUSION
PROBLEMS
STEADY ONEDIMENSIONAL
CONVECTION & DIFFUSION
d
d d
u
dx
dx dx
d u
0
dx
wp
pe
ue
uw
P
x
uA e uA w
we
uA e uA w
F u
Fw u w
w
Dw
xwp
&
D
x
Fe u e
e
De
x pE
Fee Fw w De E P Dw P w
Fe Fw 0
THE
CENTRAL
DIFFERENCING
SCHEME
e P E / 2
w W P / 2
Fe
Fw
p E W P D e E P D w P W
2
2
Fw
Fe
Dw De
2
2
Fw
Fe
p Dw 2 W De 2 E
Fw
Fe
Dw
De Fe Fw p
2
2
Fw
Dw
2
Fe
w De
2
a p p aww aEE
aw
Fw
Dw
2
aE
ap
Fe
De
2
A property
a w a E Fe Fw
is transported by
the
one
dimensional
FOR
END
NODE
e
A
(e p )
(P A ) (u ) e (u ) A
xe
x / 2
Fe
(e p ) FA A De (e p ) 2 DA (P A )
2
Fe
Fe
e P FA A DEE De p 2 DAP 2 DA A
2
2
a pP aww aee s u
Fe
Fe
( De 2 DA ) p 0 ( De )e FA A 2 DA A
2
2
Now we have to re arrange ap in the form
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
Let us add and subtract Fe / 2 and Fw in the term ap.
Fe
Fe Fe
a p D e 2 DA Fw Fw
2
2 2
Fe
a p 0 ( De ) ( Fe Fw ) [(2 DA Fw )]
2
0 = 1 at x = 0 and L
= 0 at x L.
spaced
cells
the
central
diffusion
calculate
the
distribution of as a function of x
Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.
Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution.
The following
CENTRAL
A
=1
1
W
x=o
DIFFERENCE
H Ox D
MET
=o
x=L
NODE-A
Fe
P E FA A De E P DA P A
2
NODE-B
Fw
P W DB B P Dw P w
FB B
2
a p p aww a E E S u
a p aW a E Fe Fw S P
Node
aw
aE
Sp
Su
D-F/2
- ( 2D + F )
( 2 D + F ) A
D+F/2
D-F/2
D+F/2
- ( 2D - F )
( 2 D - F ) B
2
3
4
5
2.7183 exp( x )
x
1.7183
1.0
0.8
Exact Solution
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Numerical
Solution ( CD )
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Distance(m)
1.0
CASE 2
1 exp( 25 x )
1
10
7.20 x10
U = 2 . 5 m /s
Numerical Solution ( CD )
Exact Solution
1.0
0.8
Numerical Solution ( C D )
0.6
Exact Solution
0.4
0.2
0.0
U = 2 . 5 m /s
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Distance(m)
1.0
PROPERTIES OF
DISCRETISATION
SCHEMES
Conservativeness
Boundedness
Transportiveness
CONSERVATIVENESS
To ensure conservation of for
the whole solution domain the
flux of leaving a control volume
across a certain face must be
equal to the flux of entering the
adjacent control volume through
the same face.
CONSISTENT SPECIFICATION
OF DIFFUSIVE FLUXES
G r a d i e n t = ( 2 - 2 ) / x
qA
x / 2
x / 2
qB
e1
2 1 q
x
e1
e2
4 3
x
q B W 4
3 2 2 1
x
w1
3 2
x
4 3
x
w2
q
B
A
INCONSISTENT SPECIFICATION
OF DIFFUSIVE FLUXES
Gradient
of 2
Quadratic
function 1
x / 2
Gradient
of 2
Quadratic
function 2
x
x / 2
BOUNDEDNESS
Scarborough has shown that a sufficient
condition for a convergent iterative method can
be expressed in terms of the values of the
coefficients of the discretised equations.
anb
a' p
1 at all nodes
< 1 at one node at least
that
in
the
absence
of
nodal
values
of
should
be
bounded
by
T R AN S PO R T I V E N E S S
Pe = 0
Pe
F
u
Pe
D / x
the
Peclet
number
and
the
INTERNAL COEFFICIENTS OF
DISCRETISED SCALAR
TRANSPORT
aw
aE
Fw
Dw
2
Fe
De
2
aP
a w a E ( Fe Fw )
Fe / De Pee 2
UPWIND DIFFERENCING
SCHEMEWHEN IS POSI
TIVE
uw
ue
xWw
xwP
xPe
xeE
w W
&
e P
FeP FwW De (E P ) Dw (P W )
( Dw De Fe )P ( Dw Fw )w DeE
DA
(9 p 8 A E )
3
( Dw FE )u De E
UPWIND DIFFERENCING
S C H E M E W H E N I S N E GA T I V E
ue
uw
xWw
xwP
xPe
xeE
w P
&
e E
Fe E Fw P De ( E P ) Dw ( P w )
[ Dw ( De Fe ) ( Fe Fw )]P Dww ( De Fe )E
a p p aww aE E
a p aw aE ( Fe Fw )
aw
aE
Fw > 0, Fe > 0
Dw + F w
De
Fw < 0, Fe < 0
Dw
De - F e
aw
aE
Dw max( Fw ,0)
De max(0, Fw )
U PW I N D S O LU T I O N T O S AM E PR O B LE M
NODE1 : Fe P FA A De ( E P ) DA (P A )
aw
ae
D+F
D+F
Sp
Su
- ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A
2
3
4
5
-2D
2 D B
0 = 1 at x = 0 and L
= 0 at x = L.
spaced
cells
the
central
diffusion
calculate
the
distribution of as a function of x
Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.
Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution.
The following
UPWIND DIFFERENCING
SCHEME
Node
aw
ae
Sp
Su
DF/2
- ( 2D + F )
( 2D + F ) A
2,3,4
D+F/2
DF/2
D+F/2
- ( 2D - F )
( 2D + F ) B
a p p aww aee S u
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
x U
1 x
0.1
0.1
/ x
0.1 /0.2
0.5
FOR END
aw = 0
ae = 0 . 4 5
Sp = - 1 . 1
Su = 1 . 1 A
a
=1.55
NODE A
aw =
0 . 55
ae =
0 . 45
Sp =
Su =
ap =
FOR
END
NODE
aw = 0 . 5 5
ae = 0
Sp = - 0 . 9
Su = 0 . 9 B
ap = aw +ae + ( Fe Fw ) -
ap p
= a w w + a e e + Su
1 . 55 p =
1 p
0 + 0 . 4 5 e + 1 .1 A
= 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e
= 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e
= 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e
1 . 4 5 p = 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 9
1 =b1
1 =d1 / b1
i =bi - ( ai ci
/ i -1 )
Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )
1 =( di - ai i - 1 ) / i
=1.55
=0.70
=0.84
=0.70
=0. 65
= 1.06
= 0.45
= 0.35
= 0.29
= 0.150
= 0.150
= 0.39
= 0.60
= 0.77
1
2
1.195
0.77
0.60
0.39
0.150
UPWIND DIFFERENCING
S C H E M E ( U = 2.5 m /s )
Node
aw
ae
Sp
Su
DF/2
- ( 2D + F )
( 2D + F ) A
2,3,4
D+F/2
DF/2
D+F/2
- ( 2D - F )
( 2D + F ) B
a p p aww aee S u
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
ap p = aw w + ae e + Su
ap
= aw + ae +( Fe Fw ) Sp
F = x u
=2.5 m / s
D = / dx
=0.5
FOR
END NODE
aw
ae
D F / 2
Sp
Su
- 0.75
= - ( 2D + F )
- 3.5
= 3 . 5 A
FOR
INTERMEDIATE
aw =
=
D + F / 2
1.75
Qe =
=
D - F / 2
- 0.75
Sp =
NODES
FOR
aw
END NODE B
D + F / 2
= 1.75
ae = 0
Sp = - ( 2 D - F )
= 1.5
Su = ( 2 D F )
= - 1.5 B
ap p
= a w w + a e e + Su
2 . 7 5 p = - 0 . 7 5 e + 3 . 5 A
p
= 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e
= 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e
= 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e
0 . 2 5 p = 1 . 7 5 w - 1 . 5 B
1 =b1
1 =d1 / b1
i =bi - ( ai ci
/ i -1 )
Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )
1 =( di - ai I - 1 ) / i
= 2 . 7 5
= 1 . 2 7
= 1 . 4 8
= 1 . 8 8
= 1 . 6 9
=1 . 5 0
=1 . 4 0
=1 . 4 5
=2 . 4 8
=2 . 4 8
T
T
T
T
= 0.349
= 1.260
= 0.86
= 1.035
1
2
1.035
0.86
1.260
0.349
2.48
ANALYTICA L
1.0
SOLUTION
U 0.1 m / s
0.8
0.6
0.4
Exact Solution
0.2
0.0
Numerical Solution ( UD )
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
ANALYTICA L
SOLUTION
U=2.5m/s
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Numerical Solution ( UD )
0.4
Exact Solution
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Distance ( m )
0.8
1.0
V=2m/s
U=2m/s
= 0
= 100
=0
HYBRID DIFFERENCING
SCHEME
Fw
( u ) w
Pew
Dw
w / xWP
1
2
1
2
W 1
P
qw Fw 1
Pe w
2
Pe w
2
for 2 Pe 2
q w Fw Aw w for
Pe 2
q w Fw Aw P for
Pe 2
a P P a w w a E E
aP aw aE ( Fe Fw )
aw
Fw
max Fw, Dw
,0
2
aE
Fe
max Fe , De ,0
2
FeP FA A 0 DA (P A )
FBP Fww DB (B P ) 0
a P P aww a E E S u
aP aw aE ( Fe Fw ) S p
Node
aw
ae
Sp
Su
- ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A
2
3
4
5
-2D
2 D B
0.0
0.8
Numerical Solution
( Hybrid, 5 cells )
0.6
Numerical Solution
( Hybrid, 25 cells )
0.4
0.2
0.0
Exact Solution
U 2.5 m /s
0.2
0.4
0.6
Distance ( m )
0.8
1.0
Three
dimensional flow
aw
max Fw , Dw w ,0
2
max Fw , Dw w ,0
2
max Fw , Dw w ,0
2
aE
max Fe , Dw e ,0
2
max Fe , De e ,0
2
max Fe , De e ,0
2
max Fs , Ds s ,0
2
max Fs , Ds s ,0
2
as
aN
aB
ar
F
F
max Fn , Dn n ,0
2
Fe Fw
Fe Fw Fn Fs
max Fn , Dn n ,0
2
max Fb , Db b ,0
2
max Ft , Dt t
2
,0
Fe Fw Fn Fs Ft Fb
Face
u w Aw u
v s As v n An w b Ab w t At
A
e e
w
e
s
t
n
b
Ae
Aw
At
As
Ab
An
x PE
z PT
z PN
y SP
y PN
xWP
qw Fw [w w ( P w )] for 0 Pe 10
W = ( 1 0.1 Pew )
q w Fw w
/ Pew
for Pe>10
aP aw aE ( Fe Fw )
aw
aE
QUADRATIC
PROFILES
IN THE QUICK
WW
WW
p e
SCHEME
EE
W w
USED
EE
face
6
3
1
i 1 i i 2
8
8
8
6
3
1
W p WW
8
8
8
6
3
1
e p E W
8
8
8
3
1
3
1
6
6
Fe 8 P 8 E 8 W Fw 8 W 8 P 8 WW
De (E p ) Dw ( p w )
3
6
6
1
Dw 8 Fw De 8 Fe p Dw 8 Fw 8 Fe W
3
1
De Fe E FwWW
8
8
aE
aww
1
3
De Fe Fe
8
8
ap
a w a E a ww ( Fe Fw )
6
3
1
P W E
8
8
8
6
3
1
e E p EE
8
8
8
aw
aE
3
6
1
Dw Fw De Fe FW
8
8
8
aEE
ap
1
Fe a w a E a EE ( Fe Fw )
8
aw
6
1
Dw w Fw e Fe
8
8
3
(1 w ) Fw
8
aE
aE
1
w Fw
8
aEE
3
6
De e Fe (1 e ) Fe
8
8
1
(1 w ) Fw
8
w = 1
for
Fw > 0 and =
e
w = 0
for
Fw < 0 and =
e
1
(1 e ) Fe
8
1 for Fe > 0
0 for Fe < 0
MIRROR NODE
TREATMENT
AT THE
BOUNDARY
p
A
0
x / 2
x / 2
Mirror
Node
Domain
Boundary
Node 1
o 2 A p
6
3
1
e p E (2 A p )
8
8
8
e
7
3
2
p E A
8
8
8
DA
(9 p 8 A E )
3
3
2
DA
7
Fe p E A FA A De (E p ) (9 p 8 A E )
8
8
3
8
DB
(8 B 9 P w )
3
3
1
6
FB B Fw w p ww
8
8
8
DB
(8 B 9 p w ) Dw ( p w )
3
3
1
3
2
6
7
Fe p E w Fw w p A
8
8
8
8
8
8
De ( E p ) Dw ( p w )
0 = 1 at x = 0 and L
= 0 at x = L.
spaced
cells
the
central
diffusion
calculate
the
distribution of as a function of x
Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.
Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution.
The following
HYBRID
SCHEME
x
=1
x=o
=o
x=L
a P P aww a E E S u
aP aw aE ( Fe Fw ) S p
Node
aw
ae
Sp
Su
- ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A
2
3
4
5
-2D
2 D B
Fe p FA A 0 D A ( p A )
FB p Fww DB ( B p ) 0
a p p aww aee Su
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
=
=
xu
2.5
= / dx
= 0.5
Pe= u/ ( / x)
= 5
If Pe > 2, Hybrid
Scheme uses
Upwind Expression
for Convection term
& Set Diffusion
Term to Zero
NODE-1
Fe p FA A 0 D A ( p A )
NODE-5
FB p Fww DB ( B p ) 0
a p p aww aee Su
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
3.5
-2.5
2.5
-2.5
2.5
-2.5
2.5
0
b1
0
C1
0
0
-2.5
0
3.5
0
3.5
0
0
0
d1
d2
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
d4
a4
b4
c4
d5
d3
1 =b1
1 =d1 / b1
i =bi - ( ai ci
/ i -1 )
Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )
1 =( di - ai I - 1 ) / i
1= 3.5
= 1
2= 2.5
3= 2.5
= 2.5
= 3.5
= 1
= 1
= 1
T5 =
0.71428
T4 =
T3 =
T2 =
1
2
1
1
1
0 . 7143