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FINITE VOLUME METHOD

FOR
CONVECTION

- DIFFUSION

PROBLEMS

STEADY ONEDIMENSIONAL
CONVECTION & DIFFUSION

d
d d
u
dx
dx dx

d u
0
dx

wp

pe

ue

uw

P
x

uA e uA w

we

uA e uA w

F u
Fw u w

w
Dw
xwp

&

D
x

Fe u e

e
De
x pE

Fee Fw w De E P Dw P w

Fe Fw 0

THE

CENTRAL

DIFFERENCING

SCHEME

e P E / 2

w W P / 2
Fe
Fw
p E W P D e E P D w P W
2
2

Fw
Fe
Dw De
2
2

Fw
Fe

p Dw 2 W De 2 E

Fw
Fe
Dw
De Fe Fw p
2
2

Fw
Dw
2

Fe
w De
2

a p p aww aEE

aw
Fw
Dw
2

aE

ap

Fe
De
2

A property

a w a E Fe Fw

is transported by

means of convection and diffusion


through

the

one

dimensional

domain sketched in Figure 5.2.

FOR

END

NODE

e
A
(e p )
(P A ) (u ) e (u ) A
xe
x / 2

Fe
(e p ) FA A De (e p ) 2 DA (P A )
2
Fe
Fe
e P FA A DEE De p 2 DAP 2 DA A
2
2

Grouping the above equation in the form

a pP aww aee s u
Fe
Fe
( De 2 DA ) p 0 ( De )e FA A 2 DA A
2
2
Now we have to re arrange ap in the form

a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p
Let us add and subtract Fe / 2 and Fw in the term ap.

Fe
Fe Fe
a p D e 2 DA Fw Fw
2
2 2

Fe
a p 0 ( De ) ( Fe Fw ) [(2 DA Fw )]
2

The governing equation is


( 5.3 ), boundary conditions
are

0 = 1 at x = 0 and L

= 0 at x L.
spaced

cells

Using five equally


and

the

central

differencing scheme for convection


and

diffusion

calculate

the

distribution of as a function of x

Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.
Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution.

The following

data apply: length L = 1.0 m.


= 1.0 kg / m3, = 0.1 kg / m / s

CENTRAL
A

=1

1
W

x=o

DIFFERENCE
H Ox D

MET

=o
x=L

NODE-A
Fe
P E FA A De E P DA P A
2

NODE-B

Fw
P W DB B P Dw P w
FB B
2

a p p aww a E E S u
a p aW a E Fe Fw S P
Node

aw

aE

Sp

Su

D-F/2

- ( 2D + F )

( 2 D + F ) A

D+F/2

D-F/2

D+F/2

- ( 2D - F )

( 2 D - F ) B

2
3
4
5

2.7183 exp( x )
x
1.7183
1.0

0.8

Exact Solution

0.6

0.4
0.2

0.0

Numerical
Solution ( CD )
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Distance(m)

1.0

CASE 2

1 exp( 25 x )
1
10
7.20 x10

U = 2 . 5 m /s

Numerical Solution ( CD )

Exact Solution

1.0
0.8

Numerical Solution ( C D )

0.6

Exact Solution

0.4
0.2
0.0

U = 2 . 5 m /s
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Distance(m)

1.0

PROPERTIES OF
DISCRETISATION

SCHEMES

Conservativeness
Boundedness
Transportiveness

CONSERVATIVENESS
To ensure conservation of for
the whole solution domain the
flux of leaving a control volume
across a certain face must be
equal to the flux of entering the
adjacent control volume through
the same face.

CONSISTENT SPECIFICATION
OF DIFFUSIVE FLUXES

G r a d i e n t = ( 2 - 2 ) / x

qA

x / 2

x / 2

qB

e1

2 1 q
x

e1

e2

4 3
x

q B W 4

3 2 2 1
x

w1

3 2
x

4 3
x

w2

q
B
A

INCONSISTENT SPECIFICATION
OF DIFFUSIVE FLUXES
Gradient
of 2

Quadratic
function 1

x / 2

Gradient
of 2

Quadratic
function 2

x
x / 2

BOUNDEDNESS
Scarborough has shown that a sufficient
condition for a convergent iterative method can
be expressed in terms of the values of the
coefficients of the discretised equations.

anb
a' p

1 at all nodes
< 1 at one node at least

Here ap is the net coefficient of the central node


P ( i.e. ap Sp ) and the summation in the
numerator is taken over all the neighbouring

Diagonal dominance is a desirable feature


for satisfying the bounded ness criterion.
This states

that

in

sources the internal


the property

the

absence

of

nodal

values

of

should

be

bounded

by

its boundary values.


All coefficients of the discretised equations
should have the same sign ( usually all
positive )

T R AN S PO R T I V E N E S S
Pe = 0

Pe

F
u
Pe

D / x

Thus the value of at E is affected


only by upstream conditions and
since there is no diffusion E is equal
to P. It is very important that the
relationship between the magnitude
of

the

Peclet

number

and

the

directionality of influencing, known


as the transportiveness, is borne out
in the discretisation scheme.

INTERNAL COEFFICIENTS OF
DISCRETISED SCALAR
TRANSPORT

aw

aE

Fw
Dw
2

Fe
De
2

aP
a w a E ( Fe Fw )

Fe / De Pee 2

UPWIND DIFFERENCING
SCHEMEWHEN IS POSI
TIVE

uw

ue

xWw

xwP

xPe

xeE

w W

&

e P

FeP FwW De (E P ) Dw (P W )

( Dw De Fe )P ( Dw Fw )w DeE

DA
(9 p 8 A E )
3

( Dw FE )u De E

UPWIND DIFFERENCING
S C H E M E W H E N I S N E GA T I V E

ue

uw

xWw

xwP

xPe

xeE

w P

&

e E

Fe E Fw P De ( E P ) Dw ( P w )
[ Dw ( De Fe ) ( Fe Fw )]P Dww ( De Fe )E

a p p aww aE E

a p aw aE ( Fe Fw )

aw

aE

Fw > 0, Fe > 0

Dw + F w

De

Fw < 0, Fe < 0

Dw

De - F e

aw

aE

Dw max( Fw ,0)

De max(0, Fw )

U PW I N D S O LU T I O N T O S AM E PR O B LE M

NODE1 : Fe P FA A De ( E P ) DA (P A )

NODE 5 : FBP FwW DB (B P ) Dw (P w )


Node

aw

ae

D+F

D+F

Sp

Su

- ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A

2
3

4
5

-2D

2 D B

The governing equation is


( 5.3 ), boundary conditions
are

0 = 1 at x = 0 and L

= 0 at x = L.
spaced

cells

Using five equally


and

the

central

differencing scheme for convection


and

diffusion

calculate

the

distribution of as a function of x

Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.
Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution.

The following

data apply: length L = 1.0 m.


= 1.0 kg / m3, = 0.1 kg / m / s

UPWIND DIFFERENCING
SCHEME
Node

aw

ae

Sp

Su

DF/2

- ( 2D + F )

( 2D + F ) A

2,3,4

D+F/2

DF/2

D+F/2

- ( 2D - F )

( 2D + F ) B

a p p aww aee S u
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p

x U

1 x

0.1

0.1

/ x

0.1 /0.2

0.5

FOR END

aw = 0
ae = 0 . 4 5
Sp = - 1 . 1
Su = 1 . 1 A
a

=1.55

NODE A

FOR INTERMEDIATE NODES

aw =

0 . 55

ae =

0 . 45

Sp =

Su =

ap =

FOR

END

NODE

aw = 0 . 5 5
ae = 0
Sp = - 0 . 9
Su = 0 . 9 B
ap = aw +ae + ( Fe Fw ) -

ap p

= a w w + a e e + Su

1 . 55 p =
1 p

0 + 0 . 4 5 e + 1 .1 A

= 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e

= 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e

= 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 4 5 e

1 . 4 5 p = 0 . 5 5 w + 0 . 9

1 =b1
1 =d1 / b1
i =bi - ( ai ci

/ i -1 )

Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )
1 =( di - ai i - 1 ) / i

=1.55

=0.70

=0.84

=0.70

=0. 65

= 1.06

= 0.45

= 0.35

= 0.29

= 0.150

= 0.150

= 0.39

= 0.60

= 0.77

1
2

1.195

0.77
0.60
0.39
0.150

UPWIND DIFFERENCING
S C H E M E ( U = 2.5 m /s )
Node

aw

ae

Sp

Su

DF/2

- ( 2D + F )

( 2D + F ) A

2,3,4

D+F/2

DF/2

D+F/2

- ( 2D - F )

( 2D + F ) B

a p p aww aee S u
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p

ap p = aw w + ae e + Su
ap

= aw + ae +( Fe Fw ) Sp

F = x u
=2.5 m / s
D = / dx
=0.5

FOR

END NODE

aw

ae

D F / 2

Sp
Su

- 0.75
= - ( 2D + F )

- 3.5
= 3 . 5 A

FOR

INTERMEDIATE

aw =
=

D + F / 2

1.75

Qe =
=

D - F / 2
- 0.75

Sp =

NODES

FOR
aw

END NODE B

D + F / 2
= 1.75
ae = 0
Sp = - ( 2 D - F )
= 1.5
Su = ( 2 D F )
= - 1.5 B

ap p

= a w w + a e e + Su

2 . 7 5 p = - 0 . 7 5 e + 3 . 5 A
p

= 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e

= 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e

= 1 . 7 5 w - 0 . 7 5 e

0 . 2 5 p = 1 . 7 5 w - 1 . 5 B

1 =b1
1 =d1 / b1
i =bi - ( ai ci

/ i -1 )

Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )
1 =( di - ai I - 1 ) / i

= 2 . 7 5

= 1 . 2 7

= 1 . 4 8

= 1 . 8 8

= 1 . 6 9

=1 . 5 0

=1 . 4 0

=1 . 4 5

=2 . 4 8

=2 . 4 8

T
T
T
T

= 0.349

= 1.260

= 0.86

= 1.035

1
2

1.035

0.86
1.260
0.349
2.48

NUMERICAL RESULTS &

ANALYTICA L
1.0

SOLUTION
U 0.1 m / s

0.8
0.6
0.4

Exact Solution

0.2
0.0

Numerical Solution ( UD )
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

NUMERICAL RESULTS &

ANALYTICA L

SOLUTION
U=2.5m/s

1.2
1.0
0.8

0.6

Numerical Solution ( UD )

0.4

Exact Solution

0.2
0.0
0.2

0.4

0.6
Distance ( m )

0.8

1.0

FLOW DOMAIN FOR THE


ILLUSTRATION OF FALSE DIFFUSION
= 100

V=2m/s

U=2m/s

= 0

= 100

=0

HYBRID DIFFERENCING
SCHEME

Fw
( u ) w
Pew

Dw
w / xWP
1
2
1
2
W 1
P
qw Fw 1
Pe w
2
Pe w
2

for 2 Pe 2

q w Fw Aw w for
Pe 2
q w Fw Aw P for
Pe 2

a P P a w w a E E

aP aw aE ( Fe Fw )

aw

Fw
max Fw, Dw
,0
2

aE

Fe
max Fe , De ,0
2

FeP FA A 0 DA (P A )
FBP Fww DB (B P ) 0

a P P aww a E E S u

aP aw aE ( Fe Fw ) S p
Node

aw

ae

Sp

Su

- ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A

2
3

4
5

-2D

2 D B

0.0
0.8

Numerical Solution
( Hybrid, 5 cells )

0.6

Numerical Solution
( Hybrid, 25 cells )

0.4
0.2
0.0

Exact Solution
U 2.5 m /s

0.2

0.4

0.6

Distance ( m )

0.8

1.0

aPP aww aEE ass aNN aBB arr )


a P aw a E as a N a B aT F
One dimensional
flow

Two dimensional flow

Three
dimensional flow

aw

max Fw , Dw w ,0
2

max Fw , Dw w ,0
2

max Fw , Dw w ,0
2

aE

max Fe , Dw e ,0
2

max Fe , De e ,0
2

max Fe , De e ,0
2

max Fs , Ds s ,0
2

max Fs , Ds s ,0
2

as
aN
aB

ar
F

F
max Fn , Dn n ,0
2

Fe Fw

Fe Fw Fn Fs

max Fn , Dn n ,0
2

max Fb , Db b ,0
2

max Ft , Dt t
2

,0

Fe Fw Fn Fs Ft Fb

Face

u w Aw u

v s As v n An w b Ab w t At
A
e e

w
e
s
t
n
b
Ae
Aw
At
As
Ab
An
x PE
z PT
z PN
y SP
y PN
xWP

POWER LAW SCHEME

qw Fw [w w ( P w )] for 0 Pe 10
W = ( 1 0.1 Pew )

q w Fw w

/ Pew

for Pe>10

aP aw aE ( Fe Fw )

aw

aE

Dw max O, (1 0.1 / Pew /) max[ Fw ,0]


5

De max O, (1 0.1 / Pee /) 5 max[ Fe ,0]

QUADRATIC

PROFILES

IN THE QUICK

WW

WW

p e

SCHEME

EE

W w

USED

EE

face

6
3
1
i 1 i i 2
8
8
8

6
3
1
W p WW
8
8
8

6
3
1
e p E W
8
8
8

3
1
3
1
6

6
Fe 8 P 8 E 8 W Fw 8 W 8 P 8 WW

De (E p ) Dw ( p w )

3
6
6
1

Dw 8 Fw De 8 Fe p Dw 8 Fw 8 Fe W

3
1

De Fe E FwWW
8
8

aPP aww aEE awwww


aw
6
1
Dw Fw Fe
8
8

aE

aww

1
3
De Fe Fe
8
8

ap

a w a E a ww ( Fe Fw )

6
3
1

P W E
8
8
8

6
3
1
e E p EE
8
8
8

aw

aE

3
6
1
Dw Fw De Fe FW
8
8
8

aEE

ap

1
Fe a w a E a EE ( Fe Fw )
8

aPP aww aE E aWW WW aEE EE


aP aw aE aWW aEE ( Fe Fw )

aw
6
1
Dw w Fw e Fe
8
8

3
(1 w ) Fw
8

aE

aE

1
w Fw
8

aEE

3
6
De e Fe (1 e ) Fe
8
8
1
(1 w ) Fw
8

w = 1

for

Fw > 0 and =
e

w = 0

for

Fw < 0 and =
e

1
(1 e ) Fe
8

1 for Fe > 0
0 for Fe < 0

MIRROR NODE

TREATMENT

AT THE

BOUNDARY
p

A
0

x / 2

x / 2

Mirror
Node

Domain
Boundary

Node 1

o 2 A p
6
3
1
e p E (2 A p )
8
8
8
e

7
3
2

p E A
8
8
8

DA

(9 p 8 A E )
3

3
2
DA
7
Fe p E A FA A De (E p ) (9 p 8 A E )
8
8
3
8

DB

(8 B 9 P w )
3

3
1
6

FB B Fw w p ww
8
8
8

DB

(8 B 9 p w ) Dw ( p w )
3

3
1
3
2
6
7
Fe p E w Fw w p A
8
8
8
8
8
8

De ( E p ) Dw ( p w )

a p p awwww aww aEE Su


a p aww aw aE ( Fe Fw ) S p

The governing equation is


( 5.3 ), boundary conditions
are

0 = 1 at x = 0 and L

= 0 at x = L.
spaced

cells

Using five equally


and

the

central

differencing scheme for convection


and

diffusion

calculate

the

distribution of as a function of x

Case 1:
u = 0.1 m / s,
Case 2:
u = 2.5 m / s, and compare the results with
the analytical Solution.
Case 3:
Recalculate the solution for u = 2.5 m / s
with 20 grid nodes and compare the results
with the analytical solution.

The following

data apply: length L = 1.0 m.


= 1.0 kg / m3, = 0.1 kg / m / s

HYBRID

SCHEME
x

=1
x=o

=o
x=L

a P P aww a E E S u

aP aw aE ( Fe Fw ) S p
Node

aw

ae

Sp

Su

- ( 2 D + F ) ( 2 D + F ) A

2
3

4
5

-2D

2 D B

Fe p FA A 0 D A ( p A )
FB p Fww DB ( B p ) 0
a p p aww aee Su
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p

=
=

xu
2.5

= / dx
= 0.5

Pe= u/ ( / x)
= 5

If Pe > 2, Hybrid
Scheme uses
Upwind Expression
for Convection term
& Set Diffusion
Term to Zero

NODE-1

Fe p FA A 0 D A ( p A )
NODE-5

FB p Fww DB ( B p ) 0
a p p aww aee Su
a p aw ae ( Fe Fw ) S p

3.5
-2.5

2.5

-2.5

2.5

-2.5

2.5

0
b1

0
C1

0
0

-2.5
0

3.5
0

3.5

0
0
0

d1
d2

a2

b2

c2

a3

b3

c3

d4

a4

b4

c4

d5

d3

1 =b1
1 =d1 / b1
i =bi - ( ai ci

/ i -1 )

Ti = i - ( Ci Ti + 1 / i )
1 =( di - ai I - 1 ) / i

1= 3.5

= 1

2= 2.5
3= 2.5

= 2.5

= 3.5

= 1

= 1

= 1

T5 =

0.71428

T4 =

T3 =

T2 =

1
2

1
1
1
0 . 7143

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