s (t ) Re{g (t )e j C t }
Where
c 2f c ;
f c - Carier Frequency
m(t) g(t)
V( f )
1
G f f c G * f f c
2
Where G f F g t ;
Amplitude Modulation
The Complex Envelope of an AM signal is given by
g (t ) Ac [1 m(t )]
Ac indicates the power level of AM and m(t) is the Modulating Signal
Representation of an AM signal is given by
s (t ) Ac [1 m(t )]cos ct
Ac[1+m(t)]
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
B
2B
AM Percentage Modulation
Definition: The percentage of positive modulation on an AM signal is
% Positive Modulation
Amax Ac
100 max m(t ) 100
Ac
AM Signal Waveform
Amax = 1.5Ac
Amin = 0.5 Ac
AM Percentage Modulation
100% modulated
Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
Can be used
s2 t
1 2
1 2 2
Ac
Ac m t
2
2
Sideband power
AM Modulation Efficiency
Definition : The Modulation Efficiency is the percentage of the total power
of the modulated signal that conveys information.
Only Sideband Components Convey information
Modulation Efficiency:
m2 t
1 m t
2
100
Unmodulated Carrier
Spectral Component
1 Ac2
5,000 Ac 707 V
2 50
Without
Modulation
2
m t 2 for 100% modulation
The peak voltage (100% modulation) is (2)(707) = 1414 V across the 50 ohm load.
s2 t
1 2
1 2 2
Ac
Ac m t
2
2
Carrier Power
Spectrum
S( f )
Sideband power
s (t ) Ac m(t ) cos c t
Ac
M f fc M f fc
2
1 2 2
s t
Ac m t
Power
2
m2 t
Modulation Efficiency
E 2
100 100%
m t
2
Disadvantages of DSBSC:
Less information about the carrier will be delivered to the receiver.
Needs a coherent carrier detector at receiver
DSBSC Modulation
s (t ) Ac m(t ) cos c t
B
No Extra Carrier
component
2B
Coherent reference for product detection of DSBSC can not be obtained by the
use of ordinary PLL because there are no spectral line components at fc.
USSB
LSSB
s t Ac m t cos c t m (t ) sin c t
m (t ) Hilbert transform of m(t)
j,
j,
Hilbert Transform corresponds to a -90 0 phase shift
H(f)
j
-j
H f
and
f 0
f 0
USSB
LSSB
G f Ac M f j m t
m t m t h t
Using
2 Ac M f ,
G f
0,
Recall from Chapter 4
G f Ac M f 1 jH f
f 0
f 0
V( f )
1
G ( f f c ) G * [( f f c )]
2
f fc
M f f c , f f c
0,
0
,
f
f
M
f
f
,
f
f
c
c
c
S f Ac
Ac M f jM ( f )
If lower signs were used LSSB signal would have been obtained
2 Ac M f ,
G f
0,
f 0
f 0
M f f c , f f c
S f Ac
f f c
0,
f f c
Ac
M
f
f
,
f
c
c
0,
SSB - Power
The normalized average power of the SSB signal
s2 t
1
1
2
2
g (t ) Ac2 m 2 t m t
2
2
2
m t m 2 t
1
1 2 2
2
2
max g (t ) Ac m t m t
2
2
Generation of SSB
SSB signals have both AM and PM.
The complex envelope of SSB:
Advantages of SSB
Superior detected signal-to-noise ratio compared to that of AM
SSB has one-half the bandwidth of AM or DSB-SC signals
Generation of SSB
Phasing method
Filter Method
Phasing method
This method is a special modulation type of IQ canonical form
of Generalized transmitters discussed in Chapter 4 ( Fig 4.28)
Generation of SSB
Filter Method
The filtering method is a special case in which RF processing (with a
sideband filter) is used to form the equivalent g(t), instead of using
baseband processing to generate g(m) directly. The filter method is the
most popular method because excellent sideband suppression can be
obtained when a crystal oscillator is used for the sideband filter.
Crystal filters are relatively inexpensive when produced in quantity at
standard IF frequencies.
Generation of VSB