ANSWER
The clouds are too dense
with water droplets that
they prevent the sunlight
from penetrating through.
We explain this with the
help of science.
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF
SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1
WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Science is the systematic study of
nature and how it affects us and
our environment.
Science help us to understand the
natural phenomena we see
around us. Natural phenomena
are happenings that occur in
nature.
Construction of a dam
Formation of rainbow
Benefit of science
Domestic- Appliances e.g washing
machine, vacuum cleaners, tap water
Transportation-vehicles, roads
Agriculture-tractors, fertilizer,
pesticides
Communication-mobile phones, e-mail,
internet
Medicine-better surgical techniques
and equipment
CAREERS IN SCIENCE
Botanist- specialist in plants
Zoologist- specialist in animals
Chemist- A person trained in chemistry
Astronomer- A person who studies
astronomy
Astronaut- A person trained to travel in
a spacecraft
Surgeon-performs medical operations
1.2 HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES FOUND IN
THE LABORATORY
-MISS NURUL AIN ASHIKIN BT
HALIN-
POISONOUS
CAUSES DEATH OR
HARM IF ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN,
SWALLOWED OR
INHALED.
E.g.: mercury,
bromine, sodium
cyanide
FLAMMABLE
BURNS EASILY
E.g. ethanol,
petrol and
kerosene.
CORROSIVE
CAUSES
DAMAGES TO
SKIN AND EYES
UPON CONTACT
E.g. concentrated
sulphuric acid &
concentrated
sodium hydroxide
IRRITANT
CAUSES
DISCOMFORT TO
THE BODY
E.g.: ammonia and
chloroform
IRRITANT
RADIOACTIVE
GIVES OUT
RADIATION
E.g.: plutonium and
uranium
EXPLOSIVE
EXPLODES
EASILY
E.g. sodium
and potassium
LABORATORY APPARATUS
APPARATU FUNCTIONS
S
Test Tube
Hold small amounts of
liquid & for carrying out
reactions.
Test Tube
Hold a test tube when it is
Holder
being heated.
Beaker
Contain chemicals and for
carrying out reactions.
Conical
Contain chemicals and for
flask
carrying out reactions.
Spatula
Pick up solid
chemicals.
Thermomet Measure temperature.
er
Retort
To hold or clamp
Stand
apparatus.
Filter funnel Transfer liquid into a
container
Tripod
Support apparatus such
stand
as beakers when heating
them.
Pipette
To measure a fixed
volume of a liquid.
Burette
Test tube
rack
Bunsen Burner
To heat things.
Got 2 types of flames.
Luminous flame
(yellow flame)
When the air hole
is closed
Easy to see
because it is
luminous
Gives out a lot of
soot
Is not so hot
compared to blue
Non-luminous
flame (blue
flame)
When the air hole
is opened
Difficult to see
because it is nonluminous
Does not give out
soot
Is very hot
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION
Identifying the problem
controlling variables
collecting data
data
making hypothesis
planning experiment
analyzing & interpreting
1.4
Physical Quantities and Their
Units
Physical Quantities
Are quantities that can be
measured.
Physical quantities are measured
in S.I units.
S.I is an abbreviation for the
French term Le Systeme
International d Unites. It means
International System of Units.
S.I unit
Length
Metre (m)
mass
Kilogram (kg)
Time
second (s)
Temperature
Kelvin (K)
Electric current
Ampere (A)
Using prefixes in
measurements
We usually use prefixes when
the quantities we measure
have very big values or
very small values.
The use of prefixes make it
easier for us to write the
measurements.
Prefix
Symbol
tera
X1012
giga
X109
mega
1000 000
X106
kilo
1000
X103
deci
0.1
X10-1
centi
0.01
10X-2
mili
0.001
10X-3
micro
0.000001
10X-6
nano
0.000000001
10X-9
piko
0.0000000000
01
10X-12
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Rewrite the values of these
measurements using prefixes:
a) 90000 g = kg
b) 300 m = mm
c) 0.0055 kg = g
d) 0.04 km = m
e) 8.3 mg = kg
f) 3.8 mm = km
exercise
g) 3.4 kg = g
h) 8500 cm = m
i) 9800 000 s = ..s
j) 320 g = .kg
k)450 m = km
l) 12 500 000 m = Mm
m)4900 mg = kg
Concept of weight
Weight of an object is the force of the
gravitational pull that acts on the
object.
It can changes as it depends on the
gravitational attraction that acts on the
object at a given place.
The S.I unit for weight is newton (N)
Weight is measured by using a spring
balance or a compression balance.
spring balance
compression balance
Concept of mass
Is quantity of matter that is present in
the object.
It is fixed although it may be moved to
different places.
It doesnt influenced by the force of the
gravitational pull.
S.I unit for mass is kilogram (kg).
Is measured by using a lever balance, a
triple beam balance or an electronic
balance.
Lever balance
Electronic balance
Mass
Measured by spring
balance or compression
balance
Measured by lever
balance, triple balance or
electronic balance.
Measuring length
Length is usually measured in units of
kilometres, metres, centimetres and
milimetres.
S.I unit for length is metre (m).
Tools for measuring length:
a) the metre ruler, half-metre ruler or ruler
b) the measuring tape
c) external and internal caliper
To measure
the length of
long straight
lines.
Internal Diameter
Internal Caliper
External Diameter
External Caliper
Measuring Area
We can estimate the area of
regular or irregular shapes by
tracing the shapes onto a piece of
graph paper.
Method:
1) Count the number of complete
squares.
2) An incomplete square is counted
if half or
more of the square is covered.
3)
Do not count an incomplete
square if less
than half of the square is covered.
Measuring Volume
We often need to measure the
volume of liquids.
We use a measuring cylinder,
burette or pipette to measure the
volume of a liquid.
We usually measure the volume of a
liquid in mililitres (ml) and the volume
of a solid in cubic centimetres (cm 3).
Burette
Pipette
Measuring cylinder
y mL
x mL
conclusion
We can measure physical quantities
accurately by using a suitable
measuring tools.
The accuracy of our measurements
can be improved by:
a)Avoiding parallax error.
b)Using a hand lens to help us to
see the scale more clearly.
Importance of standard
units in everyday life
CHAPTER 1.7