BILINGUAL AND

MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION
Prof. Dr. M. Zaim, M. Hum.

GROUP 4
Yuliadi
Melati Citra

DEFINITION AND PURPOSES

Bilingual and Multilingual
education

Different things in different

places

In Chinese
schools

Growing number of
Mandarin/English
programs for the Han
majority and to program
that use a combination of
Mandarin and a regional
language

In school along the US-Mexico

Programs that teach Spanish-English bilingual
children in a single language
Both English and Spanish
Intentionally group together pupils of two
distinct language background

In South Africa

As a mother tongue instruction (L1 medium)

throughout school-plus second language
taught as a subject to a high level of
proficiency (Alidou,et. al, 2006)

Purpose
To

help learners to develop

knowledge about a particular
cultural group in addition to their
own

Language
Content Based Context Based
Based Frames
Frame
Frames
Use

Culture

Macro Level

- Strong Form
- Weak Form

- Ideological
- Pragmatic

Outcomes
- Subtractive

Macro Levels
-Elite routes

- Additive

Curriculum

- Folk routes

3 Frameworks for understanding billingual and multilingual

Language based frames

Focus on use

Strong forms

Two/more language are used

for academic purpose;
reading and writing in Math,
Science and History

Weak forms

Non-dominant languages are

used sparingly, typically to
clarify instruction/for
interpersonal communication
only

Outcomes

Subtractive

Additive

The changes in students abilities

to use L1 and additional
languages after completing a
bilingual or multi lingual

To support and extend the

students home language and
additional languages through the
systematic and sustained use of
both/all as languages instruction

Content-Based Frame

Controversies
Though bilingual and multilingual education
assume a language based frame, educators
often emphasize the acquisition of academic
content.

Conceptual and content

knowledge

Described as De Facto Bilingual Education

The students who are good at knowledge at

L1, they are able to apply the conceptual
knowledge to learn additional language.

Submersion Education

Sink-or swim, submersion program

Make no effort to acknowledge or accommodate

the special needs of L2 learners

Transitional Bilingual Education (TBE)

In the UK as bilingual support (Martin Jones

and Saxena, 2003)
Temporary used of the students L1/regional
language as an academic bridge to highly
proficient users of the dominant language,
content instruction in the home language

The importance of TBE

program

The length of time that students are permitted

to study in their L1 before being moved
into class designed for native speaker of the
dominant language

Maintenance Bilingual Education

Refers to upkeep of the non-dominant
language
Intended

for immigrant pupils thought likely to return

home countries

Immersion
Refers to program designed to teach content
in L2 but not harm the learners L1
One way immersion

Two way immersion

Community Language Teaching

Approach
Heritage Language
Purpose

Context-Based Text
Macro Level Context

Micro Level Context

Wasteful
Ironic
Hypocritical
Regressive

Elite

bilingualism
Folk bilingualism

Integrating The Frameworks

Language as problem, right and resource

Characteristics of Effective Program

Learn best in language

Preparation
School autonomy
Agree and support
Challenge

Roles for Applied Linguistics

In school

Outside school

Hasrat
How is the bilingual and multilingal in indonesia related to language as
problem,langauge as right and language as resourse
Nike
In teaching English in the classsroom, is it ok to use three languages
delivering english subject, it is appropriate?
Laurie
About the dichotomy in microlevel context, is ear learner categorized
as folk bilingual?
Wira
In teaching and learning multilingual
Which has the highest effectiveness, e community or real world
community
Rian
According to de swaan, there are only 4 group user but in the table
there are 6 groups..why and what is the purpose?
Elva
What is De Swaan background in making langauge Hierarchy?
Mikes
Suggested to broaden the perspective of bilibgual and multilingual