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CHAPTER 15

Drive Axle Shafts and CV Joints

OBJECTIVES
After studying Chapter 15, the reader will be able to:
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

Prepare for ASE Suspension and Steering (A4)


certification test content area C (Related
Suspension and Steering Service).
Name driveshaft and U-joint parts, and describe
their function and operation.
Describe how CV joints work.
Explain how the working angles of the U-joints
are determined.
List the various types of CV joints and their
applications.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

KEY TERMS

Cardan joints
Center support bearing
CV joint boot
CV joints
Double-Cardan joints
Drive axle shaft
Driveshaft

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By James D. Halderman

Fixed joint
Half shaft
Plunge joint
Propeller shaft
Rzeppa joint
Spider
Trunnions
Universal joints

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION

A drive axle shaft transmits engine torque from the


transmission or transaxle (if front wheel drive) to
the rear axle assembly or drive wheels.
Driveshaft is the term used by the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) to describe the shaft
between the transmission and the rear axle
assembly on a rear-wheel-drive vehicle.
General Motors and some other manufacturers
use the term propeller shaft or prop shaft to
describe this same part.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 151 Typical rear-wheel-drive powertrain arrangement. The engine is mounted


longitudinal (lengthwise).
Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e
By James D. Halderman

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 152 Typical front-wheel-drive powertrain arrangement. The engine is usually


mounted transversely (sideways).

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 153 Typical driveshaft (also called a propeller shaft). The drivershaft transfers
engine power from the transmission to the differential.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

DRIVESHAFT DESIGN

Most driveshafts are constructed of hollow steel


tubing.
The forces are transmitted through the surface of
the driveshaft tubing.
The surface is therefore in tension, and cracks can
develop on the outside surface of the driveshaft
due to metal fatigue.
Driveshaft tubing can bend and, if dented, can
collapse.
A dented driveshaft should be replaced and no
attempt should be made to repair the dent.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

DRIVESHAFT DESIGN

FIGURE 154 This driveshaft failed because it had a slight dent caused by a
rock. When engine torque was applied, the driveshaft collapsed, twisted,
and then broke.
Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e
By James D. Halderman

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

DRIVESHAFT DESIGN

FIGURE 155 A center support bearing is used on many vehicles with long driveshafts.
Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e
By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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DRIVESHAFT DESIGN

FIGURE 156 Some driveshafts use rubber between an inner and


outer housing to absorb vibrations and shocks to the driveline.
Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e
By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

DRIVESHAFT BALANCE

All driveshafts are balanced. Generally, any


driveshaft whose rotational speed is greater than
1000 RPM must be balanced.
Driveshaft balance should be within 0.5% of the
driveshaft weight.

(This is one of the biggest reasons why aluminum or


composite driveshafts can be longer because of
their light weight.)

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

DRIVESHAFT BALANCE

Driveshafts are often not available by make,


model, and year of the vehicle.
There are too many variations at the factory, such
as transmission type, differential, or U-joint type.
To get a replacement driveshaft, it is usually
necessary to know the series of U-joints (type or
style of U-joint) and the center-tocenter distance
between the U-joints.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

U-JOINT DESIGN AND OPERATION

Universal joints (U-joints) are used at both ends


of a driveshaft.
U-joints allow the wheels and the rear axle to move
up and down, remain flexible, and still transfer
torque to the drive wheels.
A simple universal joint can be made from two Yshaped yokes connected by a crossmember called
a cross or spider.
The four arms of the cross are called trunnions.

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By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

U-JOINT DESIGN AND OPERATION

FIGURE 157 A simple universal joint (U-joint).


Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e
By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

U-JOINT DESIGN AND OPERATION

FIGURE 158 How the speed difference on the output of a typical U-joint varies with the speed and
the angle of the U-joint. At the bottom of the chart, the input speed is a constant 1000 RPM, while the
output speed varies from 900 RPM to 1100 RPM when the angle difference in the joint is only 10. At
the top part of the chart, the input speed is a constant 1000 RPM, yet the output speed varies from
700 to 1200 RPM when the angle difference in the joint is changed to 30. (Courtesy of Dana
Corporation)
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By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

U-JOINT DESIGN AND OPERATION

FIGURE 159 The joint angle is the difference between the angles of the joint.
(Courtesy of Dana Corporation)

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

U-JOINT DESIGN AND OPERATION


ACCEPTABLE WORKING ANGLES

Universal joints used in a


typical driveshaft should
have a working angle of 1/2
to 3 degrees.

FIGURE 1510 The angle of this rear Cardan Ujoint is noticeable.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS

Constant velocity joints,


commonly called CV
joints, are designed to
rotate without changing
speed. Regular U-joints are
usually designed to work
up to 12 degrees of
angularity.
If two Cardan-style U-joints
are joined together, the
angle at which this doubleCardan joint can function
is about 18 to 20 degrees.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

FIGURE 1511 A double-Cardan U-joint.

19

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS

FIGURE 1512 A constant velocity (CV) joint can operate at high


angles without a change in velocity (speed) because the joint design
results in equal angles between input and output.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

What Is a 1350-Series U-Joint?

Most universal joints are available in sizes to


best match the torque that they transmit. The
larger the U-joint, the higher the amount of
torque. Most U-joints are sized and rated by
series numbers. See the accompanying chart
for series numbers and sizes.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

What Is a 1350-Series U-Joint?

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


OUTER CV JOINTS

The Rzeppa-type CV joint is most commonly used


as an outer joint on most front-wheel-drive
vehicles.
The outer joint must do the following:

Allow up to 40 degrees or more of movement to


allow the front wheels to turn
Allow the front wheels to move up and down
through normal suspension travel in order to provide
a smooth ride over rough surfaces
Be able to transmit engine torque to drive the front
wheels

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


OUTER CV JOINTS

FIGURE 1513 A Rzeppa fixed joint. This type of CV joint is commonly used at
the wheel side of the drive axle shaft. This joint can operate at high angles to
compensate for suspension travel and steering angle changes. (Courtesy of
Dana Corporation)
Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e
By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


OUTER CV JOINTS

FIGURE 1514 The protective CV joint boot has been torn away
on this vehicle and all of the grease has been thrown outward
onto the brake and suspension parts. The driver of this vehicle
noticed a clicking noise, especially when turning.
Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e
By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


OUTER CV JOINTS

FIGURE 1515 A tripod fixed joint. This type of joint is found on


some Japanese vehicles. If the joint wears out, it is to be replaced
with an entire drive axle shaft assembly.
Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e
By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


INNER CV JOINTS

Inner CV joints attach the output of the transaxle to


the drive axle shaft.
Inner CV joints are therefore inboard, or toward the
center of the vehicle.
Inner CV joints have to be able to perform two very
important movements:

Allow the drive axle shaft to move up and down as


the wheels travel over bumps.
Allow the drive axle shaft to change length as
required during vehicle suspension travel
movements. CV joints are also called plunge joints.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


INNER CV JOINTS

FIGURE 1516 The fixed outer joint is required to move in all directions because the wheels must
turn for steering as well as move up and down during suspension movement. The inner joint has to
be able to not only move up and down but also plunge in and out as the suspension moves up and
down. (Courtesy of Dana Corporation)

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


DRIVE AXLE SHAFTS

Unequal-length drive axle shafts (also called half


shafts) result in unequal drive axle shaft angles to
the front drive wheels.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

29

Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


DRIVE AXLE SHAFTS

FIGURE 1517 Unequal-length


driveshafts result in unequal drive
axle shaft angles to the front drive
wheels. This unequal angle sideto-side often results in a steering
of the vehicle during acceleration
called torque steer. By using an
intermediate shaft, both drive
axles are the same angle and the
torque steer effect is reduced.
(Courtesy of Dana Corporation)

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

What Is That Weight for on the Drive Axle


Shaft?

Some drive axle shafts are equipped with what looks


like a balance weight. It is actually a dampener
weight used to dampen out certain drive line
vibrations. The weight is not used on all vehicles and
may or may not appear on the same vehicle
depending on engine, transmission, and other options.
The service technician should always try to replace a
defective or worn drive axle shaft with the exact
replacement. When replacing an entire drive axle
shaft, the technician should always follow the
manufacturers instructions regarding either
transferring or not transferring the weight to the new
shaft.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

What Is That Weight for on the Drive Axle


Shaft?

FIGURE 1518 A typical drive axle shaft with dampener weight.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


DRIVE AXLE SHAFTS

Typical types of inner CV joints that are designed


to move axially, or plunge, include the following:

Tripod
Cross groove
Double offset

CV joints are also used in rear-wheel-drive


vehicles and in many four-wheel-drive vehicles.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


DRIVE AXLE SHAFTS

FIGURE 1519 A tripod joint is


also called a tripot, tripode, or
tulip design. (Courtesy of Dana
Corporation)

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


DRIVE AXLE SHAFTS

FIGURE 1520 A cross-groove plunge joint is used on many German


front-wheel-drive vehicles and as both inner and outer joints on the rear
of vehicles that use an independent-type rear suspension. (Courtesy of
Dana Corporation)
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By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


DRIVE AXLE SHAFTS

FIGURE 1521 Double-offset ball-type plunge joint. (Courtesy of Dana


Corporation)

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


CV JOINT BOOT MATERIALS

The pliable boot surrounding the CV joint, or CV


joint boot, must be able to remain flexible under
all weather conditions and still be strong enough to
avoid being punctured by road debris.
There are four basic types of boot materials used
over CV joints:

Natural rubber (black)


Silicone rubber (gray)
Hard thermoplastic (black)
Urethane (usually blue)

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


CV JOINT BOOT MATERIALS

FIGURE 1522 Getting the correct boot kit or parts from the parts store is more difficult
on many Chrysler front-wheel-drive vehicles because Chrysler has used four different
manufacturers for its axle shaft assemblies. (Courtesy of Dana Corporation)

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS


CV JOINT GREASE

CV joints require special greases. Grease is an oil


with thickening agents.
Greases are named for the thickening agents
used.
Most CV joint grease is molybdenum-disulfide-type
grease, commonly referred to as moly grease.

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By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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SUMMARY
1.

2.

3.

The driveshaft of a rear-wheel-drive vehicle


transmits engine torque from the transmission to
the differential.
Driveshaft length is usually limited to about 65
inches due to balancing considerations unless a
two-piece or a composite material shaft is used.
Universal joints (U-joints) allow the driveshaft to
transmit engine torque while the suspension and
the rear axle assembly are moving up and down
during normal driving conditions.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved.

SUMMARY
4.

5.

6.

Acceptable working angles for a Cardan-type Ujoint fall within 1/2 to 3 degrees. Some angle is
necessary to cause the roller bearings to rotate; a
working angle of greater than 3 degrees can lead
to driveline vibrations.
Constant velocity (CV) joints are used on all frontwheeldrive vehicles and many four-wheel-drive
vehicles to provide a smooth transmission of
torque to the drive wheels regardless of
angularity of the wheel or joint.
Outer or fixed CV joints commonly use a Rzeppa
design, while inner CV joints are the plunging or
tripod type.

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.

2.

3.

Explain why Cardan-type U-joints on a driveshaft


must be within 1/2-degree working angles.
What makes a constant velocity joint able to
transmit engine torque through an angle at a
constant velocity?
What type of grease must be used in CV joints?

Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5/e


By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CHAPTER QUIZ
1. The name most often used to describe the
universal joints on a conventional rear-wheeldrive vehicle driveshaft is ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Trunnion
Cardan
CV
Spider

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CHAPTER QUIZ
2. A rear-wheel-drive vehicle shudders or vibrates
when first accelerating from a stop. The vibration
is less noticeable at higher speeds. The most
likely cause is ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Driveshaft unbalance
Excessive U-joint working angles
Unequal U-joint working angles
Brinelling of the U-joint

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CHAPTER QUIZ
3. All driveshafts are balanced.
a.
b.

True
False

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CHAPTER QUIZ
4. The maximum difference between the front and
rear working angle of a driveshaft is ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

1/4 degree
1/2 degree
1 degree
3 degrees

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CHAPTER QUIZ
5. Which series U-joint has the greatest torque
capacity?
a.
b.
c.
d.

1260
1310
1350
1480

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By James D. Halderman

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CHAPTER QUIZ
6. Two technicians are discussing torque steer on a
front-wheel-drive vehicle. Technician A says that
equal length drive axle shafts help reduce torque
steer. Technician B says that equal drive axle
shaft angles help reduce torque steer. Which
technician is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B

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CHAPTER QUIZ
7. The outer CV joints used on front-wheel-drive
vehicles are ________.
a.
b.

Fixed type
Plunge type

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CHAPTER QUIZ
8. The proper grease to use with a CV joint is
________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Black chassis grease


Dark blue EP grease
Red moly grease
The grease that is supplied with the boot kit

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Copyright 2010, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 Pearson Education, Inc.,


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CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Drive axle shafts are also called ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Double-Cardan shafts
Half shafts
Driveshafts
Propeller shafts

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CHAPTER QUIZ
10. Two technicians are discussing a dented
driveshaft. Technician A says that it should be
repaired. Technician B says it should be replaced.
Which technician is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B

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