Fundamental Parameters of
Antenna
Prepared By:
Engr. Nuzhat Madina
02/23/15
width
Full Null beam width
Polarization
Radiation Intensity
Beam Efficiency
Antenna field zones
Transmission
formula
Directivity
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Directive Gain
Radiation Resistance
Radiation efficiency
Resolution
Antenna aperture
Co-ordinate system
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Radiation Pattern
A mathematical or graphical representation
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Omni-directional pattern
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Isotropic Radiators
Independent of the use of a given antenna for transmitting
Isotropic Radiators
An isotropic radiator is a theoretical point
Radiation pattern
Most radiators emit (radiate) stronger radiation in one
Radiation pattern
To plot this pattern, two different types of graphs,
Radiation Lobes
The main beam (or main lobe ) is the region around the
Beam Width
The angular range of the antenna pattern in which at
Front-to-Back Ratio
The front-to-back ratio of an antenna is the
RECIPROCITY
RECIPROCITY is the ability to use the same antenna for
RECIPROCITY
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern defines the variation of the power
Radiation Pattern
This is an example of a donut shaped or toroidal radiation
Radiation Pattern
A pattern is "isotropic" if the radiation pattern is the same
Radiation Pattern
The third category of antennas are "directional", which do
Field Regions
The fields surrounding an antenna are divided into 3
principle regions:
Reactive Near Field
Radiating Near Field or Fresnel Region
Far Field or Fraunhofer Region
The far field region is the most important, as this
determines the antenna's radiation pattern. Also,
antennas are used to communicate wirelessly from long
distances, so this is the region of operation for most
antennas. We will start with this region.
between the near and far fields. In this region, the reactive
fields are not dominate; the radiating fields begin to
emerge. However, unlike the Far Field region, here the
shape of the radiation pattern may vary appreciably with
distance.
The region is commonly given by:
Field Regions
Types :
1. Reactive Near-Field
2. Radiating Near-Field :
Fresnel
3. Far- field : Fraunhofer
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Field Regions
Reactive Field
Phases of electric and magnetic field are often near
quadrature.
); thus pattern
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Pattern of
Paraboloid
Reflector
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Beam Area
The beam area or beam solid angle or A of an
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Radiation intensity
The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle
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Beamwidth
The angular separation between two identical points on
opposite side
beamwidth.
of
pattern
maximum
is
called
as
Importance:
It is very important figure of merit
It is often used as a trade off between it and side lobe
level.
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of
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Beamwidth
Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW):
In a plane containing the direction of the
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Polarization
Polarization is the direction of the electric field and is
wave
The receive and transmit antennas need to possess the
same polarization
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Beam Efficiency
The (total) beam area A (or beam solid
beam area
efficiency.
is
called
the
(main)
beam
It follows that
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Directivity
The directivity of an antenna is equal to the ratio of the
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isotropic.
For, Ideal isotropic
antenna
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GAIN
Used as a figure of merit.
The ability of an antenna or antenna system to
lossless antenna.
Often gain of an antenna is expressed in decibel ratio
i.e.
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Directive Gain
The
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Dimensionless.
If an antenna has not any losses like ohmic,
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Resolution
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Antenna Apertures
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Effective height
Effective height may be defined as the ratio of the
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Radiation Resistance
The radiation resistance (R r) is thus defined as
and
Ratio of length of diameter of the conductor used.
Corona discharge a luminous discharge round the
surface of antenna due to ionization of air etc.
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Antenna
Apertures
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Physical aperture
Effective aperture
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Antenna Apertures
For horn, parabolic reflector, mattress multi
element antennas,
For short dipole antenna
For ideal size when there is no thermal
losses and field is in phase
Relation between directivity and aperture is
Absorption ratio
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POLARIZATION
Energy from an antenna is radiated in the form of
an expanding sphere.
A small section of this sphere is called a wavefront.
positioned perpendicular to the direction of the
radiation field (fig. 2-2).
Within this wavefront. all energy is in phase.
Usually, all points on the wavefront are an equal
distance from the antenna.
The farther from the antenna the wave is, the less
curved it appears. At a considerable distance, the
wavefront can be considered as a plane surface at
right angles to the direction of propagation.
POLARIZATION
POLARIZATION
The radiation field is made up of magnetic and
POLARIZATION
A horizontally placed antenna produces a
POLARIZATION
Over long distances, polarization changes. The
POLARIZATION
When the transmitting antenna is close to the
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expressed as:
The resulting received power can be written as:
This is known as theFriis Transmission Formula. It relates
the free space path loss, antenna gains and wavelength to
the received and transmit powers. This is one of the
fundamental equations in antenna theory, and should be
remembered (as well as the derivation above).
Another useful form of the Friis Transmission Equation is
given in Equation [2]. Since wavelength and frequencyfare
related by the speed of lightc, we have the Friis
Transmission Formula in terms of frequency:
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