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Surge Pressure

Computations

What is a Surge
A pressure surge or a water
hammer is a pressure wave caused
by a sudden change in water
velocity.
The word water hammer
originates from the hammering
sound which plumbing makes
inside a house when faucets are
turned on or off quickly.

Why do Surge analysis?


Protect the pipeline and its
appurtenances
Protect human life
Reduce pipe costs

When do Surge analysis?


Consideration should be given to
performing a surge analysis when
any of the following conditions
exist
the maximum change of fluid velocity
could exceed 4 fps
the length of the pipeline exceeds
1000 feet
there are fast acting valves in the
system

What are the Maximum


Allowable Pressures?
The various standards for PVC pipe are
not in total agreement regarding the
safety factor for PVC pipe.
1 The pipeline shall have a pressure class
rating greater than the static or working
pressure plus surge at any point in the
system.
2 For low pressure systems, Pressure relief
valves shall be large enough to pass the full
pump discharge with a pipeline pressure no
greater than 50 percent above the
permissible working head of the pipe.

Allowable Pressures cont..


3 For high pressure systems, Pressure
relief valves shall be set to open at a
pressure no greater than 5 psi above
the pressure rating of the pipe or the
lowest pressure rated component in
the system.
2 The Handbook of PVC Pipe (Uni-bell,
1977) states that In general, system
operating pressure (static pressure
plus surge pressure ) should not
exceed 150% of the pipe pressure

What causes varying


velocity?
Closing a valve
Opening a valve
Rhythmic valve operation
Starting a pump
Stopping a pump
Movement of air pockets
Sudden release of air
Sudden halt in flow when air has been
exhausted
Recombination after water-column

Critical time
Critical time = 2L/a
Valve or pump closure should be
greater than critical
The last 20% of valve closure most
critical. Very dependent on type of
valve.

What Really Happens?

Simple Valve
Closure

Wave Diagram t=0 to 2L/a

Wave Diagram t= 2L/a to 4L/a

How fast is the pressure


wave?
Wave speed based on two things
Bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid,
usually water.
Bulk modulus of elasticity of the pipe
walls.

How to compute surge


pressures
h = change in pipe pressure head
a
speed
h
* v ag == wave
speed of gravity
v = change in velocity
g
a

4720
k D
1 * *(1u 2 )
E e

K = bulk modulus elasticity of fluid ( water = 300,000 psi)


E = modulus of elasticity of pipe material
D = inside pipe diameter (in)
e = Pipe wall thickness (in)
u = Poissions ratio (PVC = .45)

Another way is nomographs

What happens if there are


multiple pipes?

The Procedure here is to convert the


series pipe to an equivalent uniform pipe

L
L1 L2
Ln

.....

a1 a1 a2
an

Ln
a
n

Branching Pipelines

P3

P1(2a1a2 A1)
(a2a3 A1 a1a3 A2 a1a2 A3)

Effects From Air Movement


When an air pocket becomes
suddenly dislodged, as by a stream
of flowing water, the extent of
changes in local fluid velocities
and the consequent waterhammer
pressures are often much in excess
of instantaneous closure.

Pressure Rating
Pressure rating can changed
based on hoop stress and number
of cycles

Pressure Rating Over Time


PVC PIPE Hoop Stress vs Cycles to Failure

Hoop S tre ss (psi)

10000

1000
1000

10000

100000

540000

Cycles to Failure

10000000

100000000

Example
Compute the head increase due to
instantaneous stoppage of water initially
flowing at 5.0 fps in an 10 inch, 80 psi, PIP
pieline, a = 860
If the static head at the point of stoppage is
55.0 psi, what is the total pressure acting on
the pipe at the moment of stoppage?
What is the hoop stress developed at the
moment of stoppage?
Hs=P*D/2*t
If this Hoop stress will occur twice each day,
and at each occurrence there are 8 stress
cycles of this approximate magnitude, and if
the irrigation season is 90 days long, how

Summary
Actual surge analysis is generally much
more complicated than the simple
example.
The most practical method of solutions
is to understand the available protection
hardware and to install that equipment
at enough locations and with reasonable
settings.
A fact of life which makes this approach
almost necessary is that irrigation
systems tend to be added to or changed

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