Development-Related

Disorders
Mauring, Edrielhyn
Mendoza, Roxanne
Nemis, Christianie
Olivo, Allen
Ortiz, Chelsea
Paguio, Lovette
Parabuac, Patricia

Development-related
Disorders
-The basic process that underlie both normal
and abnormal development have been
uncovered and developmental deviations
and their causes have been identified; thus,
tremendously enhancing our knowledge
about the dynamics of deviant development
in
general,
and
psychopathology
in
particular. Developmental-related disorders
first appear at birth or during youth

I. Intellectually Atypical
Development-related Disorders
-Having intellectual and
adaptive deficits that first
became evident when they
were children.
-The DSM-IV-TR used the
term mental
retardation to apply this
group of disorders.
A. Developmental
Disabilities
B. Learning Disabilities

I. Intellectually Atypical
Development-related Disorders
Genetic Causes:
Down Syndrome
Phenylketonuria
Fragile X

A. Developmental Disability
-According to the American Association on Mental Deficiency
(AAMD), this pertains to a significantly sub-average general
intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in
adaptive behavior, and manifested during the developmental
period.
-Developmental Disability means a disability that is manifested
before the person reaches twenty-two (22) years of age, which
constitutes a substantial disability to the affected individual, and is
attributable to mental retardation or related conditions which
include cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism or other neurological
conditions when such conditions result in impairment of general
intellectual functioning or adaptive behavior similar to that of a
person with mental retardation

Famous People With

Developmental Disability

John F Kennedy (35th President of USA)

Michael Phelps (Swimmer)
George Washington (First President of USA)
Charles Darwin (The Origin of Species)
Sylvester Stallone (Actor)

B. Learning Disabilities
-These refers to disorders in one or more of the
basic psychological processes involved in
understanding or using a spoken or written
language that may be shown in an imperfect ability
to listen, think, speak, write, read, spell or do a
mathematical calculations.

B. Learning Disabilities
Reading Disorder
(Dyslexia)
Mathematics Disorder
(Dyscalculia)
Disorder of Written Expression
(Dysgraphia)
Fine motor skills
(Dyspraxia)

Famous People with Learning

Disabilities

Leonardo da Vinci (Painter/Sculptor)

Walt Disney (Cartoonist)
Tom Cruise (Actor)
Alexander Graham Bell (Scientist)
Albert Einstein (Scientist)

II. Physical Atypical

Development-Related Disorder
A. Autism
B. Visual Impairment
C. Auditory Impairment
D. Speech and Language Disorders

A. Autism (Autistic Disorder)

Involves in a marked
impairment in a persons ability
to communicate and to relate
emotionally to others.
Children with autism have
problems with social interaction,
pretend play, and
communication. They also have
a limited range of activities and
interests. Many of children with
autism also have some degree
of mental retardation.

What causes autism?

- Most cases of autism, however, appear to be
caused by a combination of autism risk genes and
environmental factors influencing early brain
development. In the presence of a genetic
predisposition to autism, a number of non genetic, or
environmental, stresses appear to further increase a
childs risk.

What causes autism? Contd.

- A growing body of research suggests that a
woman can reduce her risk of having a child with
autism by taking prenatal vitamins containing folic
acid and/or eating a diet rich in folic acid (at least 600
mcg a day) during the months before and after
conception.

List of the most commonly found

characteristics identified among people with
autism
Social skills
Child hiding his/her face
Empathy
Physical contact/hands making contact
Speech
Repetitive behaviors
Repetitive photo
Develops differently
Learning may be unpredictable
Physical tics and stimming
Obsessions

A. Autism
Aspergers syndrome (also known as
Aspergers Disorder) was first described
in the 1940s by Viennese pediatrician
Hans Asperger, who observed autismlike behaviors and difficulties with social
and communication skills in boys who
had normal intelligence and language
development. Many professionals felt
Aspergers syndrome was simply a
milder form of autism and used the term
high-functioning autism to describe
these individuals.

Famous People with Autism

Susan Boyle (Singer)

Albert Einstein (Scientist)
Amadeus Mozart (Composer)
Michelangelo (Painter)
Bill Gates (Developer)

B. Visual Impairment
-Implies a visual problem
requiring
specific
modifications or adjustments
in the students educational
programs.
-It may be said that visual
impairment is the functional
limitation of the eye or eyes
or the vision system.

Causes of vision impairment

- Vision may be impaired due to multiple reasons.
These could be due to eye damage, failure of the
brain to receive and read the visual cues sent by the
eyes. Underlying diseases may also cause visual
impairment. The commonest cause is diabetic
retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration,
formation of cataracts and raised pressure within the
eyes leading to glaucoma.

Visual impairment leads to:

Loss of visual acuity and inability of

the person to see objects as clearly as
a healthy person
Loss of visual field meaning inability of
an individual to see as wide an area
as the average person without moving
the eyes or turning the head.
Photophobia inability to look at light
Diplopia double vision
Visual distortion or distortion of
images
Visual perceptual difficulties or
difficulties of perception

Famous People With Vision

Impairment
Stevie Wonder (Singer/Composer)
Franklin Roosevelt (32nd President of USA)
Galileo Galilei (Physicist)
Andrea Bocelli (Singer)
Joseph Pulitzer (Publisher)

C. Auditory Impairment
Sensory deprivation also exist in
terms of the reception to sounds
from the environment.
a hearing impairment is a
permanent hearing loss or a
decrease in hearing that is so
significant it negatively affects a
child's performance in school or
ability to learn.
Hearing impairment is also called
hardness of hearing, or hearing loss.

Hearing impairments can be

caused by:
Heredity - Genetic links have
been found in the Human
Genome Mapping Project;
Severe illness in childhood
such
as rubella(German
measles) or spinal meningitis
Exposure to long-term loud
noise or exposure to sudden
extreme noise
Age-related hearing loss.

Famous People with Hearing

Impairment

Ludwig von Beethoven (Composer)

Helen Keller (Author)
Louis Braille (Inventor)
Thomas Edison (Inventor)

D. Speech and Language

Disorders
-Imply speech behaviors which are
sufficiently deviant from normal or
accepted speaking patterns that
they attract attention, interfere
communication, and adversely
affect communication for either the
speaker or the listener.
Speech disorders affect the vocal
cords, muscles, nerves, and other
structures within the throat.

Speech disorders can be

caused by:

vocal cord damage

brain damage
muscle weakness
respiratory weakness
strokes
polyps or nodules on the vocal cords
vocal cord paralysis

III. Disruptive Behaviour

Disorders

A. Attention-deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

B. Conduct Disorder
C. Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A. Attention-deficit/
Hyperactivity Disorder
-As the same suggests, this disorder has two
components, each of which can be defined in
terms of a set of behavioral criteria that children
must manifest so that diagnosis can be made.

Famous People with ADHD

Justin Timberlake (Singer)

Will Smith (Actor, Singer)
Michael Phelps (Athlete)
Jim Carrey (Actor)
Beethoven (Musician)

B. Conduct Disorder

-Usually manifests forms of delinquency such as

stealing, truancy in school or at home. Usually
begins before puberty.

B. Conduct Disorder
-The childhood precursor of antisocial
personality disorder in adulthood.
-Involves repeated violations of the rights of
others and society's norms and laws.

Their delinquent behaviors

include:

lying
stealing
truancy
running away from home,
physical cruelty to people & animals
setting fires
using drugs and alcohol

C. Oppositional Defiant
Disorder

-Includes prominent rebellious kinds of behavior in

children or adolescents that last for more than six
months and cause significant problems in family or
school.

Causes

Children who have a low birth weight or neurological

damage are at an increased risk of having a disruptive
behavior pattern. Those who suffer from ADHD are also at
an increased risk of suffering from these types of disorders
as well. Additionally, children who are rejected by their
mothers or are separated from their parents may also show
signs of disruptive behavior disorders.
Disruptive behavior disorders are common in children who
are raised in abusive homes. Physical and sexual abuse to
a child or to the mother while the child is in her presence
can also increase the risk of a child later developing a
disruptive behavior disorder.

Treatment

The best possible treatment for disruptive behavior disorders is to

recognize the problem as early as possible and begin to change the
situation. There are different types of treatment which include
educating the parents on better ways of parenting the child, using
behavior therapies and coordinating services with schools and other
community agencies that are available to help out.
Some children may be prescribed medication for treatment of certain
disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder,
conduct disorder or even for ADHD. In fact, it is not uncommon for
children who have ADHD to be prescribed medication. All
medications come with side effects that must be carefully monitored
so its important to discuss this type of treatment thoroughly with a
doctor before making a decision.

References

http://healthresearchfunding.org/famous-people-developmentaldisabilities/
http://www.ldonline.org/ldbasics/whatisld
http://www.learningrx.com/pictures-of-famous-people-with-learningdisabilities-faq.htm
http://autismmythbusters.com/general-public/famous-autistic-people/
http://psychcentral.com/lib/famous-people-with-adhd/0002982
Whitbourne, S., Halgin, R. (2013). Abnormal psychology clinical
perspectives on psychological disorders:. Avenue of The Americas,
NY.: McGraw-Hill Companies