Optical Fiber
Networks
By
Important Terms/Definitions
Wavelength:
Bandwidth:
The measure of how quickly you can move information from one point to
another (bits/s)
It's similar to roadways - a four-lane highway can carry more traffic than a
two-lane highway.
Bit:
A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1.
For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long
dB/dBm:
loss/gain is measured in dB, it is a logrithmic ratio
dB = 10 log10 (P1/P2)
dBm is a power level above I milli Watt,
dBm = 10 log (power / 1 mW)
Telecommunication bands
Optical telecommunication in the near & short infrared is technically often
separated Or
Optical Windows
10
11
12
Cladding
13
Concept Of Reflecting
14
15
Refractive Index
16
Transmission of Optical
Signals in
Optical Fibers
n>n1
Incident angle > Critical Angle
Total Internal Reflection
17
Types of Fibers
Single-Mode Step Index
18
Types of Fibers
Single-Mode:
Have only one wavelength
Laser diode is used as optical source
Uses for long haul transmission and AN
Multi-Mode
Have thousands of wave lengths
LED is used as optical source
Uses in high speed LAN
Cheaper fiber
Cheaper system
19
20
SMF Loss
21
Fiber Type
G.652
G.653
G.655
0.19 dB/km ~
0.25dB/km
Working window
1550 nm
1550 nm
22
BER:
23
Expensive to install
ROW, labour
24
2) Dispersion
25
26
Regenerators
Types of Networks
1) Point-to-Point Network
TM
27
TM
TM
TM
28
TM
ADM
ADM
TM
TM
3)Ring Network
ADM-1
ADM-4
ADM-2
ADM-3
29
4) Mesh Network
ADM
ADM
ADM
30
ADM
ADM
5) Composite Network
31
32
33
PDH
Weak monitoring
34
35
Japanese Standard
E5 565Mb/s
E4
x4
139Mb/s
E3
x4
34Mb/s
E2
x4
8Mb/s
x4
2Mb/s
E1
1.6Gb/s
x4
400Mb/s
274Mb/s
x4
x6
100Mb/s
x3
45Mb/s
32Mb/s
x5
J2
T3
x7
6.3Mb/s
6.3Mb/s
x4
J1
36
North American
Standard
x4
1.5Mb/s
T1
T2
Optical
140/34
Mb/s
E4
34/8
Electrical
8/34
E3
De-multiplexing
Optical
E4
E3
E2
8/2 Mb/s
E2
E1
E
1
2 Mb/s
37
34/140
Mb/s
2/8 Mb/s
Multiplexing
Limitations of PDH
Impossible to interconnect three Incompatible
PDH standards
No worldwide optical interface standard
Week Monitoring due to insufficient capacity
for network management
No direct extraction of lower order signal
Lower data rates for current and future
demands
38
SDH
39
40
Line Rate
E1
(Mb/s)
Capacity
E3
Capacity
E4
Capacity
N=1
155.52
63
N=4
622.08
252
12
N=16
2488.32
1008
48
16
N=64
9953.28
4032
192
64
N=256
39813.12
16128
768
256
* STM-0 is not SDH signal rate, however, it is equal to SONET basic rat
41
ADM:
TM:
Termination Multiplexer
DCS:
REG:
42
Repeater (Regenerator)
Optical Interface
ADM
2 Mb/s
Electrical Signal
43
Optical Interface
Advantages of SDH
More Capacity
44
Advantages of SDH
45
Disadvantages of SDH
Lower Bandwidth utilization
Complicated SDH equipments due to variety
of management traffic types and options
Software based..vulnerable to computer
viruses,
software
bugs,
configuration
problems, etc.
Direct add/drop needs pointer, which make it
complex and introduce jitter
Cant carry E2 due to un-availability of
container.
46
47
SDH Terminology
SDH refers to the rates and formats specified by ITU-T
for synchronous data transmission over fiber optic
networks.
Few Common Standards of SDH
ITU-T G.707: Network Node Interface for SDH
ITU-T G.781: Structure of Recommendations on Equipment for SDH
ITU-T G.783: Characteristics of SDH Equipment Functional Blocks
ITU-T G.803: Architecture of Transport Networks Based on SDH
48
SOH
3
4 AU-PTR
5
STM-N Payload
(including POH)
SOH
9
9N
261N
270N
49
Add-Drop
Mux
Repeater
Term
Mux
POH
MSOH
RSOH
Path OH end to end circuit
Multiplex Section OH multiplexer to multiplexer
Regenerator Section OH repeater to adjacent node or vice versa
50
51
52
MSOH
Overhead
HighOrderPOH
POH
LowOrderPOH
53
M
S
O
H
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
B1
D1
E1
D2
B2
AU-PTR
B2
K1
B2
A2
J0
F1
D3
R
O
w
S
K2
D4
D7
D5
D8
D6
D9
D10
S1
D11
D12
E2
M1
9 Columns
Domestic Use
Frame Time=125s
Payload
55
comprises of 9 bytes
56
AU-PTR
AU-4 pointer addresses only every 3rd payload
byte.
Last 3 bytes (H3) of AU-PTR are provided as
additional transmission capacity in order to
equalize clock difference.
Justification operation (positive or negative) can be
carried out no more than once in every 3 rd STM-1
frame.
AU-PTR bytes: H1, Y, Y, H2, 1, 1, H3, H3, H3
H1=N N N N S S I D; H2=I D I D I D I D
57
58
Container
Container is an information structure, mainly incharge of adaptation functions so that
commonly used PDH signals can occupy fixed
space
ITU-T G.709 recommendations have stipulated
5 kinds of standard containers:
C-11, C-12, C-2, C-3 & C-4
59
Container (C-4)
C-4 container is 260x9 bytes in dimension
(2340 bytes or 18720 bits)
Actual bits required by E4 signal are
139.264/8000=17408 bits
Remaining extra bits are used for clock
alignment, justification, opportunity bits,
justification control bits, & overhead bits.
60
Container (C-3)
C-3 container is 9x84 bytes (756 bytes or 6048 bits)
Only 3xC-3 (3x6048 bit) of maximum can be
transmitted in one STM-1
Actual space required by E3 signal is 34.368 Mbps /
8000 = 4296 bits
The reason for over capacity is a recommendation
by ITU-T specifying that the transmission of a
44.736 Mbps (T3) signal must also be carried out in
container C-3. (44.736 Mbps/8000=5593 bits which
is still less than 6048 bits.
61
Container (C-12)
C-12 container is 34 bytes or 272 bits in size.
Actual space required by E1 signal is 2.048
Mbps/8000=256 bits.
Over capacity bits include clock alignment,
justification opportunity bits, justification control
bits, & overhead bits.
63 E1s can be transmitted through one STM-1.
62
Virtual Container
63
AU & TU
64
TU-3 Pointer
65
TU-12 Pointer
66
67
Mapping
68
Alignment
This process takes place when a pointer is
included in a Tributary Unit (TU) or an
Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the first byte of
the Virtual Container to be located.
By setting the pointer, it can provide a flexible
and dynamic method for alignment of VC in the
unit (TU or AU-4) frame.
69
Multiplexing
70
under
Stuffing
When tributary signals are multiplexed &
aligned, some spare capacity is required in
SDH frames to provide space for various
tributary rates
This space capacity is filled with "fixed stuffing"
bits that carry no information, but are required
to
fill
up
the
particular
frame.
71
x3
Multiplexing
AU PTR
xN
STM-N
LO POH
x1
AUG-4
xN Multiplexing
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
TU PTR
HO POH
x7 Multiplexing
72
VC-12
C-12
2Mb/s
Code rate
adjustment
Rate
adjustment/
packing
C4
9
260
1
125us
73
P
O
H
VC4
Next page
9
125us
261
270
270
1
Add
SOH
AU-PTR
270
RSOH
Payload
MSOH
STM-1
9
9
74
Rate
adjustment/
packing
1
P
C3
VC3
Next page
9
1
125us
84
9
1
125us
85
75
H1
H2
H3 TU-3
86
1 H1
H2
1
Fill in H3 TUG-3
the
gap
9
76
86
x3
P
O R R
H
Byte
interleave
R
9
261
VC4
adjustment
C12
POH
1
VC12
First level
pointer
alignment
TU12
Next
Page
9
VC12
Byte
interleave
12
x7
Byte
interleave
TUG2
86
1
R R
TUG3
78
79
A1 & A2 Bytes
Framing bytes A1, A2
Used to identify the start of frame
A1=F6H & A2=28H
Generate Alarms OOF, LOF
80
A1 & A2 Bytes
Framing
Find
A1,A2
OOF
LOF
Next
Process
81
AIS
82
83
D1~D12 Bytes
Data Communication Channel Bytes: D1~D12
DCC Channel
NMS
84
85
B1 & B2 Bytes
Bit Interleaved Parity 8 (BIP-8) byte: B1
Regenerator section error code monitoring
Detect unit is bit block
B1 BBE represented by RS-BBE
Only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N
Bit Interleaved Parity 24 code (BIP-24) byte: B2
Multiplexing section error code monitoring
Detect unit is bit block
B2 BBE represented by MS-BBE
Only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N
86
B1 & B2 Bytes
BIP-8
x1 00110011
x2 11001100
x3 10101010
x4 00001111
B
01011010
87
0100000
0000000
B1 & B2 Bytes
No.n
Fram
e
1st
Verify B1,
B2
Calculate B1,
B2
1st
Frame
2nd Frame
Frame
2nd Frame
88
Tx
Rx
No.n Frame
M1 Byte
Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication (MS-REI) byte:
M1
A return message from Rx to Tx when Rx find MS-BBE
By evaluating the 3xB2, the M1 byte can report back the
number of parity code violations.
MS-REI will be generated in Tx.
M1 byte is one per STM-N frame.
Traffic
Rx
Tx
Return M1
89
Generate MS-REI
K1 & K2 Bytes
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) bytes: K1, K2
(bits:b1-b5)
Used for network multiplex protection switch function
K1 & K2 only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of STM-N
Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication (MS-RDI): K2
(b6-b8)
Return alarm message from Rx to Tx
Indicate Rx receiving alarm
K2 (b6-b8) value is 110
90
K1 & K2 Bytes
Detect
K2(b6~b8)
N
111
Y
Normal
Operation
GenerateMS
AIS
ReturnMS
RDI
91
92
VC4
261
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
93
94
B3 Byte
Path BIP-8 Code
Implements VC-4 transmission
performance monitoring
VerifyB3
Correct
Y
BBE
Nextprocess
95
Example:
00H means
02H means
3xTUG-3
13H means
12H means
96
unused
multiplexing structure is
ATM cells
C-4
97
98
Other Bytes
99
network
operator
usage
1
1 V5
4
J2
VC12
N2
VC12
K4
VC12
9
500us VC12 Multi-frame
100
VC12
101
Other Bytes
102
Self-Healing Network?
It is a network which can automatically
resume its loaded services within a very
short time in case of fault.
Its terminal users do not notice any service
interruption.
103
Working Path
104
106
TR
CS
OL
OL
OL
OL
W
P
Send Together
107
Receive One
TR
108
TR
CS
work route
CS
OL
OL
OL
OL
protect route
TR
work or protect
CS
CS
OL
OL
OL
OL
Work
Protectio
Protectio
nThe 1:1 structure is the subset of the 1:N
n (where
N=1) structure.
It has the capacity to work in the 1+1 structure
and to interconnect with the 1+1 structure of the
other end.
110
Self-Healing Networks
In Multiplexing segment 1:1 protection The
working payload is transmitted through the
working path while the protection path can be
used to carry extra payload which is of inferior
class.
When the working path fails, the extra payload on
the protection path will be superseded by the
working payload according to APS protocol. Thus
the working payload is protected.
111
PS
end
source
PROTECT
source
7
PS
4 K1,K2
K1
WORKING PATH
PROTECTION PATH
112
end
K2
5a
5b
113
115
2-fiber
Bidirectional
Protection Ring
Multiplex
Section
4-fiber
Bidirectional
Protection Ring
Multiplex
Section
CA
AC
AC
W1
W1
P1
P1
A
D
P1
W1
B
C
D
P1
A
C
W1
switchin
g
CA
AC
CA
AC
It adopts 1+1 protection mode, the switching criteria is PATH-AIS, &
APS protocol is not needed.
At the source NE, the payload is send to the working path and
protection path simultaneously. The destination NE detect and compare
the coming signal from both paths, then determine to receive the
payload of better quality.
116
117
Working Principle
S1/P2
A
D
B
C
118
S2/P1
Working path
S1 & S2; under normal
situations, service are
transmitted over working
path. The first half of one
fiber is working path.
Taking STM-16 as an
example, 1-8 AU4 are
used for working path.
Working Principle
Protecting Path
S1/P2
A
D
B
C
119
S2/P1
Working Principle
S1/P2
A
D
B
C
120
S2/P1
Relationship
between working &
protecting paths
The protecting path of
one direction protect
the working path of
the other direction,
i.e, P1 protects S1, &
P2 protects S2.
Working Principle
CA Rx
AC Tx
S1/P2
A
D
S2/P1
B
121
to
Service AC is sent in
S1 through path A->B>C
Service CA is sent in
S2 through path C->B>A
CA Tx
Use S1 & S2
transmit services.
AC Rx
P1 and P2 can be
used to send extra
service now.
Switching Conditions
Auto Switch Conditions:
LOS, LOF, MS-AIS, Signal Degrade
122
Switching Procedure
CA Rx
AC Tx
S1/P2
A
S2/P1
B
C
CA Tx
123
AC Rx
124
(k=no. of
125
Protection Type
2f Unidirectional PP
Ring
No. of Nodes
Line Speed
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Transmission
Capacity
STM-N
K/2*STM-N
k*STM-N
APS Protocol
No
Yes
Yes
Switching Time
<30ms
50-200ms
50-200ms
Cost
Low
Medium
High
System Complexity
Simple
Complex
Complex
Field of Application
Relay Networks
(Centralized Services)
Subrack
Power consumption: < 350W;
A single subrack weighs
18.6kg
858mm (height) * 440mm
(width) * 290mm (depth)
126
126
SDH Cards
P
L3 Q
16 16 P
127
127
Interface Board
PD1
32-channel E1
PQ1
63-channel E1
PL3
3-channel E3/T3
PQ3
12-channel E3/T3
128
128
129
Indicator
Green:
5 times/s
1 time/2s
1 time/4s
Red:
Constantly off
3 times/s
2 times/s
1 time/s
Constantly on
Running Indicator
not in service
normal
off-line status
Alarm Indicator
no alarm
Critical alarm
Major alarm
Minor alarm
CPU self-check failed
130
130
Alarms
Critical Alarms
Emergency situation like fiber cut or some
system failure, Need immediate attention,
interrupt services
Major Alarms:
Need attention, may interrupt some services
Minor Alarms:
No interruption in service
131
Why DWDM?
Increase in Band Width Demand
132
133
DWDM concept
Different
signals
with
specific
wavelengths
are
1
2
134
1 2
DWDM Bandwidths
42.5Gb/s
162.5Gb/s
322.5Gb/s
3210Gb/s
16010Gb/s =1.6Tb/s
135
DWDM..Cost Saving
SDH
DWDM
Electrical Regenerator
Light Amplifier
136
Advantages of DWDM
Transparent transmission
Long haul transmission
High capacity
Use existing optical fibers
High performance-to-cost ratio
Reliability
Easy up-gradation
137
Optical
amplifier
OSC
138
OTU
Access
channels
Access
channels
OTU
MUX
DMUX
Application of Amplifiers
Demultiplexer
PA
Multiplex
er
LA
BA
Optical supervisory
channel
TCP/IP
NE3
NE2
GNE1
140
141
TS0:
TS1:
TS2:
TS3-TS14:
TS15:
TS16-TS31:
14 15 16
FAS
E1
F1
D1-D12
E2
reserved
31
Cabinet of DWDM
1- Power Box
2- ODF Sub-Rack
3- Equipment SubRack/Interfaces
4- Rack Interface
142
Power Box
2
10
11
12
Note: 1. -48V ( Ist. Supply source Line); 2. -48V (2nd.Supply source Line);
3. Alarm clearing switch; 4. Sound/light test switch; 5. Indicator; 6. Master
switch (the first line); 7. Master switch (the second line); 8. Protection
ground; 9. Power ground; 10. Power switch of the upper subrack; 11. Power
switch of the lower subrack; 12. PMU board.
143
ODF Sub-Rack
1- Upper ODF (44 interfaces)
2- Middle Sub-Rack (60
interfaces)
3- Lower Subrack (60
interfaces)
144
Upper ODF
4
1
4
2
4
3
3
5
2
9
2
3
1
7
1
1
3
6
3
0
2
4
1
8
1
2
3
7
3
1
2
5
1
9
1
3
3
8
3
2
2
6
2
0
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
4
1: SCA-RI
4 (Line
3 Fiber)3
4:
2 SCA-TO
2 (Line
1 Fiber)
9
3 (From
7 SDH)
1
5
5 to 20: M16I1-M16I16
23 to 38: D16-O1D16-O16
4
3
2(To SDH)
2
0
4
42-43: SC2-RM2-SC2-TM2
145
1
6
Middle/Lower
ODF
1
18
2
3
4
19
20
21
38
22 23 24
39
40
41
58
146
42 43 44
59
60
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
25 26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
45 46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Equipment Sub-Rack
1- Optical Conversion Sub-Rack (OCS)
2- Optical Integrated Sub-Rack (OIS)
3- Optical Amplifier Sub-Rack (OAS)
147
ABBRIVIATIONS
T
/
R
W
C
149
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
T
/
R
W
C
S
C
C
W
B
A
M
1
6
D
1
6
M
S
2
S
C
A
S
C
1
S
C
C
Boards:
WPA, WBA, D16, M16, MS1, SCA,
SC1, SCC, OHP
150
O
H
P
X.25
Ethernet
BNC
F&f
RS232 & RS422
F1
order wire Interface
W
P
A
151
W
B
A
W
PW
W
P AB
A
A
W
B
M
S A
2
S
C
A
M
S
S
C
2
S S S O
C
C C H A
A 2 C P
S
C
A
Boards:
WPA, WBA, MS2,
SCA, SC2, SCC,
OHP
KHUZDAR
ADM
ADM
ADM
REG
MASTUNG
REG
BELA
KALARI
OLA
A
AN M
KOTRI
ADM
D.M.
ADM
JAMALI
RK
LA
OLA
ADM
D.I.KHAN
ADM
DADU
AD
OLA
THATTA
OLA
FAZILPUR
OLA
AD
PESHAWAR
(CITY)
D.
G
OLA
AD
M
ROJHAN
HA
BHAKKAR
MADM
CHOWK
QURESHI
MADM
RING 1
NMS
ISLAMABAD
(IBA-I)
HARNOLI
OLA
OLA
OLA
OLA
ADM
OLA
MADM
SUKKUR
NOORIABAD
RANIPUR
AD
M
HYDER
ABAD
NAWAB
SHAH
ADM
STM-16 RING 7
ADM
MIRPUR
KHAS
RING 3
RING 4
MULTAN (C)
OLA
OLA
DHERIKI
OLA
BAHAWALPUR
ADM
R.Y.KHAN
MORO
Workstation
AD
OLA
DERA
JATTA
MIAN
CHUNNU
ADM
SAHIWAL
LEGEND
ADM
SANGHAR
MADM
GOJRA MORE
Workstation
RING 2
ADM
OLA
FATEHPUR
MADM
OLA
REG
JHELUM
OLA
FAISALABAD
(S/ABAD)
OLA
MANAWALA
LAHORE
(CTH)
ADM
GUJRAT
AD
SIALKOT
ADM
LAHORE
ADM
152
OLA
FAISAL
ABAD
OLA
ADM
ADM
OLA
OLA
SARGODHA
MADM
ADM
Workstation
MULTAN
QUAIDABAD
MADM
KARACHI
RING 5
KARACHI
(P/CAP)
MARDAN
LAWRENCEPUR
N
SHIKARPUR
ADM
ADM
OLA
.K
MADM
Workstation
PESHAWAR
AD
M
JUMMAN SHAH
KANDHKOT
OLA
AHMADI BANDA
M
AD
UTHAL
ADM
HUB
MACHH
SIBBI
ADM
OLA
REG
STM-16 RING 6
BANNU
SHAHBAZ
KHEL
ADM
ADM
QUETTA
ADM
RAW
ALPI
NDI
USMANI
BANDA
REG
ADM
WADH
KALAT
ADM
GUJRANWALA
Kalari
D G Khan
Manzoorabad
1883 Kms
2 Ch. x 10 Gb/s
30% Traffic Density
Gharo
Karachi
P/Cap
Nooriabad
Hyderabad
Morro
Anayatpur
Chak 32
Ghotki
Sardar
Garh
Ranipur
Sukkur
Lawrencepur
153
(13)
OLA
(33)
Islamabad
IBA-I
NORTH RING
1650 Kms
2 Ch. x 10 Gb/s
70% Traffic Density
Mandra
Jehlum
Gujrat
Khanewal
Mian Chunnu
Sahiwal
Fatehpur
Sialkot
Manawala
Gujranwala
Faisal
abad
Lahore
CTH
LEGENDS
ADM
Peshawar
City
Nowshera
Kot Addu
Multan
Central
Lodhran
N.Saeedabad
Karor
Qureshi
Chowk
SOUTH RING
Jheruk
ShabazBannu Ahmadi
Khel
Banda Kohat
REG
(05)
73
QALAT
13
8
20
6 ADM
KHUZDAR
BELA
60
QUETTA(CENT)
QUETTA(S/R)
ADM
ADM
SDH RING170
5
UTHAL
12
DM JAMALI
213
M
2ADM 350
ADM
AD
16
LARKANA
DADU
796
129
ADM
MADM
39
KOHAT
MADM
65
10
NEW MULTAN
MADM
ADM
106
RING 1
MULTAN-2
RAWALPINDI-2
20
M
AD
LAHORE- 2
MP KHAS
ADM
HYDERABAD
OKARA
200
R.Y.KHAN
259
ADM
143
96
SARGODHA
LAHORE E/R
35
KHARIN CANTT
RING 2
03
AD
M
163
JHELUM
AD
M
AD M
110
ADM
ADM
75
SAHIWAL
41
MADM
BAHAWALPUR
AD
M
MADM
191
137
23 ADM
FAISALABAD
AD
M
145
NMS
174
ADM
22
AD
M
NAWAB
SHAH
LODHRAN
72
MADM
86
RING 4 256
ADM
SUKKUR
A
D
MARDAN
CHOWK
QURESHI
08
164
GUJRAT
70
76
SIALKOT
ADM
GUJRANWALA
154
02
PESHAWAR
-2
ADM
RING 3
AD
M
PESHAWAR
CANTT
57
ADM
38
60
223
SHIKARPUR
KARACHI M/R
KARACHI-2
BANNU
ADM
10
0HUB
25 407
ADM
ADM
D.I.KHAN
ADM
SDH
ADM
M
AD
D.G. KHAN
SIBBI
140
143
ADM
64
RAWAL
P INDI
SORAB
ADM
M
AD
97
ADM
ADM
ADM
155
156
157
of
the
ATM
access
IDC
Cable TV
DDN/FR
Internet
NMS
PSTN/
ISDN
158
OLT
B a y Ne tw o rks
159
160
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
161
Z interface. (POTS).
162
ONU
ODN
ONU
ONU
163
OLT
EXCHANGE
V5
Interface
or STE
LAN
CID
Router
2B+D/ 30B+D
Centrex
ONU
LE
V5.2
SDH
OLT
ONU
2B+D
ONU
2B+D
Video phone
NT1+TA
V.24
NT1
G4 FAX
Digital phone
164
POTS
Internet
OLT
ONU
DDN Node
2B1Q
SDH
2M
(V.24/V.35)
DTU 2.4~64kbps
N64kbps
(V.35/E1)
MTA
2.4~128kbps
2B1Q
(V.24/V.35)
64kbps
(V.24/V.35)
2.4~19.2kbps
(V.24)
E1 ( G.703 )
64K ( V.24,V.35 )
N64K ( 1 N 31, V.35 )
Sub-rate ( 2.4/4.8/9.6/19.2/48K, V.24 )
165
2M
MSAN (ZXA10-C)
POTS
PSTN/ISD
N
DDN
Core network
IP
ISDN
155M/622M/2.5
G
O
L
T
ZXA10
S300
MSTP
DDN
ZXA10 O
N
S200
U
FE/GE
FE/GE
ATM
ATM155/62
2
Ethern
et
FE/GE/ATM DSLAM
FE/GE
166
ADSL
VDSL
167
EDFA
Signal input
WDM
TAP
Optical isolator
PD
EDF
Pumping laser
Pumping laser
ISO
Signal output
TAP
PD Optical detector
168
EDF
EDF
Doped with Er3+
The outer shell has 3 levels structure (E1, E2,
E3)
E1ground state
E2metastable state
E3high level state
Pumping lasers are used to excite the EDF
Lots of bound electrons of the Er 3+ are excited
from the E1 state to E3
169
Continue
E3 is not stable and ions are dropped to E2 state
(radiation-less decay process)
Particles at E2 state are transited to E1 state via
stimulated radiation on passing input optical
signal
This results in generation of photons identical to
photons of incident signal light
Continuous amplifying is implemented
170
EDFA principle
E3
E2
E1
171
172
173
174
175
into
Gain equalization
176
.
Before gain equalization
1525
1565
1525
1565
177
177
178
178
Gain locking
Drop
>1dB
<0.5dB
179
179
Add
>1dB
<0.5dB
180
180
Application of Amplifiers
Demultiplexer
Multiplex
er
PA
LA
BA
Thank you
182