with:
1. Prehension
2. Mastication
3. Digestion
4. Absorption
5. Expulsion of the undigested portion.
Organs
Organs involved are:
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach/forestomac
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Accessory glands (salivary glands, liver,
pancreas etc.)
All mammals have four kinds of teethincisors, canines, premolars, and molar.
Mamals are heterodonty meaning that
they have various types of teeth that
are specialized for different aspects of
prehension and mastication.
3.Fundic region.
4.Pyloric region- has a sphincter called
pylorus that control gastric emptying
into intestine.
Except esophageal region, rest of the
region has gland in their mucosa.
Cardiac region contains cardiac glands
that secrets mucus.
Rumen
Recticulum
located immediately behind the diaphragm
just behind the heart.
Most cranial compartment.
It is located immediately caudal to the
diaphragm opposite to the heart.
It is also called the honey comb-Mucosa is
thrown into intersecting ridges that give the
appearance of honey comb
Omasum
Located to the right of the rumen and reticulum,
just caudal to the liver.
spherical organ filled with muscular liminae that lie
in sheet, giving the appearance of pages of a bookalso called as also called book-stomach
Pappilae are studded with short, blunt papillae that
help in grinding roughage before it enters
abomasum.
Also sorts foodstuffs- smaller particles are passed to
abomasum and the coarser ones are returned to
reticulum.
Duodenum
First part of intestine.
Attached to the body wall by
mesoduodenum.
Ducts from pancreas and liver opens into
duodenum emptying it digestive juices
from these glands i.e. bile from liver that
contains bile salt and bile pigment
Secretions from pancreas contain
digestive enzymes that aid is digestion.
Jejunum
Is the second segment of intestine and it continues
with ileum.
Longest portion of small intestine (upto 28 mts in
horses)
Numerous lymph nodes present in its mucosa and
submucosa.
Ileum
Is the last part of on intestine and it joins with large
intestine at ileo-ceco-colic junction.
Short and last part of small intestine.
Contains goblet cells- mucus producing cells.
Large intestine
Starts from ileo-caeco-colic junction
Consists of Caecum, Colon, rectum and
anal canal.
Colon divided into descending colon,
ascending colon and transverse colon
Water absorption takes place in this part of
intestine.
More variations from species to species
than in small intestine.
Mouth
Site for the examination for lesion in
viral disease like foot-and-mouth
disease. Lesion normally seen in the
form of vesicle at lips, gum, dental pad
and tongue.
Oesophagus
At the base of the mouth oesophagus is
located dorsal to trachea and at middle
third of the neck oesophagus courses
on the left side of the trachea. This
location is important from the surgical
point of view in choke (oesophageal
obstruction) management in animals.
Rumen
Located on the left side of animal body,
at paralumber fossa. Any surgical
procedures associated with rumen like
Trocarisation, rumenotomy, has to be
performed on the left side of the animal
and not on the right side.
Even caesarian section is also done on
left.
Reticulum
Due to its close location with the heart
it may result in traumatic reticulopericarditis due to lodging of sharp
objects like nail that may be present in
commercial feed.
Abomasum
In pregnant animals abomasums may get displaced
either to left or right side or may result in torsion. In
any of these cases feed intake and production will
be hampered.
Intestine
This is one of the sites where internal parasites like
round worms get localized and cause harm to the
animal. Apart from this, organ like liver also will be
infested by parasite like live fluke