3 Asam Basa

Acids and Bases
Stomach Acid & Heartburn

the cells that line your stomach produce
hydrochloric acid
to kill unwanted bacteria
to help break down food
to activate enzymes that break down food
if the stomach acid backs up into your esophagus, it

irritates those tissues, resulting in heartburn
acid reflux
GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease = chronic
leaking of stomach acid into the esophagus
Properties of Acids
sour taste
react with active metals
i.e., Al, Zn, Fe, but not Cu, Ag, or Au

2 Al + 6 HCl AlCl3 + 3 H2
corrosive
react with carbonates, producing CO2

marble, baking soda, chalk, limestone
CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
change color of vegetable dyes

blue litmus turns red
react with bases to form ionic salts
Common Acids
Chemical Name
Formula
Uses
Strength
Nitric Acid
HNO3
explosive, fertilizer, dye, glue
Strong
explosive, fertilizer, dye, glue,

batteries
metal cleaning, food prep, ore
refining, stomach acid
fertilizer, plastics & rubber,
food preservation
plastics & rubber, food
preservation, Vinegar
Sulfuric Acid
H2SO4
Strong
Hydrochloric Acid
HCl
Phosphoric Acid
H3PO4
Acetic Acid
HC2H3O2
Hydrofluoric Acid
HF
metal cleaning, glass etching
Weak
Carbonic Acid
H2CO3
soda water
Weak
Boric Acid
H3BO3
eye wash
Weak
Strong
Moderate
Weak
Structures of Acids
binary acids have acid hydrogens attached to
a nonmetal atom
HCl, HF
Structure of Acids
oxy acids have acid hydrogens attached to

an oxygen atom
H2SO4, HNO3
Structure of Acids
carboxylic acids have
COOH group
HC2H3O2, H3C6H5O7
only the first H in the

formula is acidic
the H is on the COOH
Properties of Bases
also known as alkalis
taste bitter
alkaloids = plant product that is alkaline
often poisonous
solutions feel slippery

change color of vegetable dyes
different color than acid
red litmus turns blue
react with acids to form ionic salts

neutralization
Common Bases
Chemical
Name
sodium
hydroxide
potassium
hydroxide
calcium
hydroxide
sodium
bicarbonate
magnesium
hydroxide
ammonium
hydroxide
Formula
NaOH
Common
Name
lye,
caustic soda
Uses
soap, plastic,
petrol refining
soap, cotton,
electroplating
Strength
Strong
KOH
caustic potash
Strong
Ca(OH)2
slaked lime
cement
Strong
NaHCO3
baking soda
cooking, antacid
Weak
Mg(OH)2
milk of
magnesia
antacid
Weak
NH4OH,
{NH3(aq)}
ammonia
water
detergent,
fertilizer,
explosives, fibers
Weak
Structure of Bases
most ionic bases contain OH ions
NaOH, Ca(OH)2
some contain CO32- ions

CaCO3 NaHCO3
molecular bases contain structures

that react with H+
mostly amine groups
Indicators
chemicals which change color depending on
the acidity/basicity
many vegetable dyes are indicators
anthocyanins
litmus
from Spanish moss
red in acid, blue in base
phenolphthalein
found in laxatives
red in base, colorless in acid
Arrhenius Theory
bases dissociate in water to produce OH- ions and
cations
ionic substances dissociate in water

NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH(aq)
acids ionize in water to produce H+ ions and anions

because molecular acids are not made of ions, they cannot
dissociate
they must be pulled apart, or ionized, by the water
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq)

in formula, ionizable H written in front
HC2H3O2(aq) H+(aq) + C2H3O2(aq)
Arrhenius Theory
HCl ionizes in water,

producing H+ and Cl ions
NaOH dissociates in water,

producing Na+ and OH ions
Hydronium Ion
the H+ ions produced by the acid are so reactive they
cannot exist in water
H+ ions are protons!!
instead, they react with a water molecule(s) to produce

complex ions, mainly hydronium ion, H3O+
H+ + H2O H3O+
there are also minor amounts of H+ with multiple water
molecules, H(H2O)n+
Arrhenius Acid-Base Reactions

the H+ from the acid combines with the OHfrom the base to make a molecule of H2O
it is often helpful to think of H2O as H-OH
the cation from the base combines with the

anion from the acid to make a salt
acid + base salt + water
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Problems with Arrhenius Theory
does not explain why molecular substances, like NH3,
dissolve in water to form basic solutions even though

they do not contain OH ions
does not explain how some ionic compounds, like
Na2CO3 or Na2O, dissolve in water to form basic
solutions even though they do not contain OH ions
does not explain why molecular substances, like CO 2,
dissolve in water to form acidic solutions even
though they do not contain H+ ions
does not explain acid-base reactions that take place
outside aqueous solution
Brnsted-Lowry Theory
in a Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base reaction, an
H+ is transferred
does not have to take place in aqueous solution

broader definition than Arrhenius
acid is H donor, base is H acceptor
base structure must contain an atom with an

unshared pair of electrons
in an acid-base reaction, the acid molecule

gives an H+ to the base molecule
HA + :B :A + HB+
Brnsted-Lowry Acids
Brnsted-Lowry acids are H+ donors
any material that has H can potentially be a
Brnsted-Lowry acid
because of the molecular structure, often one H in
the molecule is easier to transfer than others
HCl(aq) is acidic because HCl transfers an H+ to

H2O, forming H3O+ ions
water acts as base, accepting H+
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) Cl(aq) + H3O+(aq)

acid
base
Brnsted-Lowry Bases
Brnsted-Lowry bases are H+ acceptors
any material that has atoms with lone pairs can
potentially be a Brnsted-Lowry base
because of the molecular structure, often one atom in
the molecule is more willing to accept H+ transfer
than others
NH3(aq) is basic because NH3 accepts an H+

from H2O, forming OH(aq)
water acts as acid, donating H+
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH

(aq)
base
acid
Amphoteric Substances
amphoteric substances can act as either an
acid or a base
have both transferable H and atom with lone pair
water acts as base, accepting H+ from HCl

HCl(aq) + H2O(l) Cl(aq) + H3O+(aq)
water acts as acid, donating H+ to NH3

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)
Brnsted-Lowry
Acid-Base Reactions
one of the advantages of Brnsted-Lowry theory is that
it allows reactions to be reversible

HA + :B :A + HB+
the original base has an extra H+ after the reaction so
it will act as an acid in the reverse process
and the original acid has a lone pair of electrons after
the reaction so it will act as a base in the reverse
process
:A + HB+ HA + :B
Conjugate Pairs
In a Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base reaction, the
original base becomes an acid in the reverse
reaction, and the original acid becomes a base in
the reverse process
each reactant and the product it becomes is
called a conjugate pair
the original base becomes the conjugate acid;
and the original acid becomes the conjugate base
Brnsted-Lowry
Acid-Base Reactions
HA
acid
:B
base
HCHO2 + H2O
acid
base
H2O +
acid
NH3
base
:A +
conjugate
base
CHO2
conjugate
base
HB+
conjugate
acid
+
H3O+
conjugate
acid
HO
conjugate
base
NH4+
conjugate
acid
Conjugate Pairs
In the reaction H2O + NH3 HO + NH4+
H2O and HO constitute an
Acid/Conjugate Base pair
NH3 and NH4+ constitute a

Base/Conjugate Acid pair
Ex 15.1a Identify the Brnsted-Lowry Acids and

Bases and Their Conjugates in the Reaction
H2SO4 + H2O
HSO4
+
H3O+
When the H2SO4 becomes HSO4, it lost an H+ so
H2SO4 must be the acid and HSO4 its conjugate base
When the H2O becomes H3O+, it accepted an H+ so
H2O must be the base and H3O+ its conjugate acid
H2SO4 +
acid
H2O
base
HSO4
conjugate
base
H3O+
conjugate
acid
Ex 15.1b Identify the Brnsted-Lowry Acids and

Bases and Their Conjugates in the Reaction
HCO3 +
H2O
H2CO3
HO
When the HCO3 becomes H2CO3, it accepted an H+ so

HCO3 must be the base and H2CO3 its conjugate acid
When the H2O becomes OH, it donated an H+ so
H2O must be the acid and OH its conjugate base
HCO3 +
base
H2O
acid
H2CO3
conjugate
acid
HO
conjugate
base
Practice Write the formula for the

conjugate acid of the following
H2O
NH3
CO32
H2PO41

conjugate acid of the following
H2O
H3O+
NH3
NH4+
CO32
HCO3
H2PO41
H3PO4

conjugate base of the following
H2O
NH3
CO32
H2PO41

conjugate base of the following
H2O
HO
NH3
NH2
CO32
since CO32 does not have an H, it

cannot be an acid
H2PO41
HPO42
Arrow Conventions
chemists commonly use two kinds of
arrows in reactions to indicate the

degree of completion of the reactions
a single arrow indicates all the reactant
molecules are converted to product
molecules at the end
a double arrow indicates the reaction
stops when only some of the reactant
molecules have been converted into
products
in these notes
Strong or Weak
a strong acid is a strong electrolyte
practically all the acid molecules ionize,
a strong base is a strong electrolyte

practically all the base molecules form OH ions, either through
dissociation or reaction with water,
a weak acid is a weak electrolyte

only a small percentage of the molecules ionize,
a weak base is a weak electrolyte

only a small percentage of the base molecules form OH ions,
either through dissociation or reaction with water,
Strong Acids
The stronger the acid, the
more willing it is to donate H
use water as the standard base
strong acids donate

practically all their Hs
100% ionized in water
strong electrolyte
[H3O+] = [strong acid]
HCl H+ + ClHCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
Weak Acids
weak acids donate a small
fraction of their Hs
most of the weak acid
molecules do not donate H
to water
much less than 1% ionized
in water
[H3O+] << [weak acid]
HF H+ + FHF + H2O H3O+ + F-
Polyprotic Acids
often acid molecules have more than one ionizable H
these are called polyprotic acids
the ionizable Hs may have different acid strengths or be equal
1 H = monoprotic, 2 H = diprotic, 3 H = triprotic
HCl = monoprotic, H2SO4 = diprotic, H3PO4 = triprotic
polyprotic acids ionize in steps

each ionizable H removed sequentially
removing of the first H automatically makes removal of

the second H harder
H2SO4 is a stronger acid than HSO4
Increasing Acidity
Increasing Basicity
Strengths of Acids & Bases
commonly, acid or base strength is measured by
determining the equilibrium constant of a substances

reaction with water
HAcid + H2O Acid-1 + H3O+1
Base: + H2O HBase+1 + OH-1
the farther the equilibrium position lies to the products,
the stronger the acid or base
the position of equilibrium depends on the strength of
attraction between the base form and the H+
stronger attraction means stronger base or weaker acid
General Trends in Acidity

the stronger an acid is at donating H, the
weaker the conjugate base is at accepting H

higher oxidation number = stronger oxyacid
H2SO4 > H2SO3; HNO3 > HNO2
cation stronger acid than neutral molecule;

neutral stronger acid than anion
H3O+1 > H2O > OH-1; NH4+1 > NH3 > NH2-1
base trend opposite
Acid Ionization Constant, Ka

acid strength measured by the size of the
equilibrium constant when react with H 2O

HAcid + H2O Acid-1 + H3O+1
the equilibrium constant is called the acid
ionization constant, Ka
larger Ka = stronger acid
1
[Acid ] [H 3O ]
Ka
[HAcid]
Autoionization of Water
Water is actually an extremely weak electrolyte
therefore there must be a few ions present
about 1 out of every 10 million water molecules
form ions through a process called

autoionization
H2O H+ + OH
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH
all aqueous solutions contain both H3O+ and OH
the concentration of H3O+ and OH are equal in water
[H3O+] = [OH] = 10-7M @ 25C
Ion Product of Water

the product of the H3O+ and OH
concentrations is always the same number

the number is called the ion product of
water and has the symbol Kw
[H3O+] x [OH] = Kw = 1 x 10-14 @ 25C
if you measure one of the concentrations, you
can calculate the other
as [H3O+] increases the [OH] must decrease

so the product stays constant
inversely proportional
Acidic and Basic Solutions

all aqueous solutions contain both H3O+ and OH
ions
neutral solutions have equal [H3O+] and [OH]
[H3O+] = [OH] = 1 x 10-7
acidic solutions have a larger [H3O+] than [OH]

[H3O+] > 1 x 10-7; [OH] < 1 x 10-7
basic solutions have a larger [OH] than [H3O+]

[H3O+] < 1 x 10-7; [OH] > 1 x 10-7
Example 15.2b Calculate the [OH] at 25C when the

[H3O+] = 1.5 x 10-9 M, and determine if the solution is
acidic, basic, or neutral
Given:
Find:
Concept Plan:
Relationships:
Solution:
[H3O+] = 1.5 x 10-9 M

[OH]
[H3O+]
[OH]
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ]
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ]
1.0 10 14
-]
6
[OH
6
.
7
10
M
K
w
9
[OH ]
1.5 10
[ H 3O ]
Check: The units are correct. The fact that the

[H3O+] < [OH] means the solution is basic
Complete the Table

+
[H ] vs. [OH ]
[H+] 100 10-1
OH
[OH-]
10-3
10-5
H
OH
10-7
10-9
H
OH
+
10-11
10-13 10-14
H+
OH
OH
-
Complete the Table

[H+] vs. [OH-]
[H+] 100 10-1
OH-
Acid
10-3 10-5
H
OH
[OH-]10-14 10-13 10-11 10-9
10-7
10-9
H
OH
+
10-7
10-5
Base
10-11
10-13 10-14
H+
OH OH
-
10-3
10-1 100
even though it may look like it, neither H+ nor OH- will ever be 0
the sizes of the H+ and OH- are not to scale
because the divisions are powers of 10 rather than units
pH
the acidity/basicity of a solution is often
expressed as pH
pH = -log[H3O+], [H3O+] = 10-pH
exponent on 10 with a positive sign

pHwater = -log[10-7] = 7
need to know the [H+] concentration to find pH
pH < 7 is acidic; pH > 7 is basic, pH = 7 is

neutral
Sig. Figs. & Logs
when you take the log of a number written in scientific
notation, the digit(s) before the decimal point come from

the exponent on 10, and the digits after the decimal point
come from the decimal part of the number
log(2.0 x 106) = log(106) + log(2.0)
= 6 + 0.30303 = 6.30303...
since the part of the scientific notation number that
determines the significant figures is the decimal part, the
sig figs are the digits after the decimal point in the log
log(2.0 x 106) = 6.30
pH
the lower the pH, the more acidic the solution; the
higher the pH, the more basic the solution
1 pH unit corresponds to a factor of 10 difference
in acidity
normal range 0 to 14
pH 0 is [H+] = 1 M, pH 14 is [OH] = 1 M
pH can be negative (very acidic) or larger than 14
(very alkaline)
pH of Common Substances
Substance
pH
1.0 M HCl
0.0
0.1 M HCl
1.0
stomach acid
1.0 to 3.0
lemons
2.2 to 2.4
soft drinks
2.0 to 4.0
plums
2.8 to 3.0
apples
2.9 to 3.3
cherries
3.2 to 4.0
unpolluted rainwater
5.6
human blood
7.3 to 7.4
egg whites
7.6 to 8.0
milk of magnesia (satd Mg(OH)2)
10.5
household ammonia
10.5 to 11.5
1.0 M NaOH
14
Example 15.3b Calculate the pH at 25C when the

[OH] = 1.3 x 10-2 M, and determine if the solution is
Given:
Find:
Concept Plan:
Relationships:
Solution:
[OH] = 1.3 x 10-2 M

pH
[OH]
[H3O+]
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ]
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ]
14
1
.
0
10
[ H 3O ]
1.3 102
pH
pH - log[H 3O ]
[H 3O ] 7.7 10 13 M
pH - log 7.7 10 13
pH 12.11
Check: pH is unitless. The fact that the pH > 7 means the

solution is basic
pOH
another way of expressing the acidity/basicity of
a solution is pOH
pOH = -log[OH], [OH] = 10-pOH
pOHwater = -log[10-7] = 7
need to know the [OH] concentration to find pOH
pOH < 7 is basic; pOH > 7 is acidic, pOH = 7 is

neutral
pH and pOH
Complete the Table
pH
[H+] 100 10-1
OH
10-3
10-5
OH-
[OH-]10-14 10-13 10-11 10-9

pOH
10-7
10-9
10-11
H
OH OH
+
10-7
10-5
10-3
10-13 10-14
H+
OH
10-1 100
pH and pOH
Complete the Table
pH
[H+] 100 10-1
OH
11
10-3
10-5
10-7
10-9
10-11
OH-
[OH-]10-14 10-13 10-11 10-9

pOH 14
13
11
10-7
10-5
10-3
3
14
10-13 10-14
H+
H
OH OH
+
13
OH
10-1 100
1
Relationship between pH and pOH

the sum of the pH and pOH of a solution = 14.00
at 25C
can use pOH to find pH of a solution
[ H 3O ][OH - ] K w 1.0 1014
14
log[H O ][OH ] log1.0 10
3
log[H O ] log[OH - ] 14.00
pH pOH 14.00
pK
a way of expressing the strength of an acid or
base is pK
pKa = -log(Ka), Ka = 10-pKa
pKb = -log(Kb), Kb = 10-pKb
the stronger the acid, the smaller the pKa

larger Ka = smaller pKa
because it is the log
Finding the pH of a Strong Acid
there are two sources of H3O+ in an aqueous solution of a
strong acid the acid and the water

for the strong acid, the contribution of the water to the total
[H3O+] is negligible
shifts the Kw equilibrium to the left so far that [H3O+]water is too small
to be significant
except in very dilute solutions, generally < 1 x 10 -4 M
for a monoprotic strong acid [H3O+] = [HAcid]

for polyprotic acids, the other ionizations can generally be ignored
0.10 M HCl has [H3O+] = 0.10 M and pH = 1.00
Finding the pH of a Weak Acid

there are also two sources of H3O+ in and aqueous
solution of a weak acid the acid and the water

however, finding the [H3O+] is complicated by the
fact that the acid only undergoes partial ionization
calculating the [H3O+] requires solving an
equilibrium problem for the reaction that defines
the acidity of the acid
HAcid + H2O Acid + H3O+
Ex 15.6 Find the pH of 0.200 M HNO2(aq)

solution @ 25C
Write the reaction for
the acid with water
Construct an ICE
table for the reaction
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the [H3O+]
from water is 0
HNO2 + H2O NO2 +

H3O+
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
initial
change
equilibrium
0.200
since no products initially, Qc = 0, and the reaction is proceeding forward

solution @ 25C
represent the change
in the concentrations
in terms of x
sum the columns to
find the equilibrium
concentrations in
terms of x
substitute into the
equilibrium constant
expression
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]

initial
change
0.200
equilibrium 0.200 x
0
+x
x
0
+x
x
[NO -2 ][ H 3O ]
x x
Ka
HNO2
2.00 101 x

solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
determine the value of

Ka from Table 15.5
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
since Ka is very small,

approximate the
[HNO2]eq = [HNO2]init
and solve for x
Ka
NO H O
4.6 10
xxx x
HNO2
4
0.200
initial
change
-x
equilibrium 0.200
0.200x
2.00 10 x
1
2.00 10 1
0
+x
x
+x
x
4.6 10 2.00 10
4
x 9.6 10 3

solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
check if the
approximation is
valid by seeing if x
< 5% of [HNO2]init
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]

initial
change
equilibrium
0.200
-x
0.200
0
+x
x
x = 9.6 x 10-3
9.6 10
2.00 10
100% 4.8% 5%
the approximation is valid
+x
x

solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
substitute x into the
equilibrium
concentration
definitions and solve
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]

initial
change
equilibrium
0.200
-x
0.200-x
0.190
0
0
+x
+x
0.0096
x
0.0096
x
x = 9.6 x 10-3
HNO 2 0.200 x 0.200 9.6 103 0.190 M
NO H O x 9.6 10
2

solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
substitute [H3O+] into
the formula for pH
and solve
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]

initial
change
equilibrium
pH -log H 3O
log 9.6 10
-x
0
+x
0.190
0.0096
0.0096
0.200
2.02
+x

solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
check by substituting
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
the equilibrium
0.200
0
0
concentrations back into initial
the equilibrium constant change
-x
+x
+x
expression and
0.190
0.0096 0.0096
comparing the calculated equilibrium
Ka to the given Ka
though not exact,
the answer is
reasonably close
Ka
NO H O
HNO2
9.6 10
3 2
0.190
4.9 104
Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of

nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2?
(Ka = 1.4 x 10-5 @ 25C)

HC6H4NO2 + H2O C6H4NO2 + H3O+
the acid with water
Construct an ICE
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the [H3O+]
from water is 0
initial
change
equilibrium
[HA]
[A-]
[H3O+]
0.012

HC6H4NO2 + H2O C6H4NO2 +
represent the change H O+
+
3
[H
O
]
[HA]
[A
]
3
in terms of x
sum the columns to
concentrations in
terms of x
substitute into the
expression
initial
change
0.012
equilibrium 0.012 x
0
+x
x
0
+x
x
[C6 H 4 NO -2 ][ H 3O ]
x x
Ka
HC6 H 4 NO2
1.2 102 x

nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2? Ka = 1.4 x 10-5 @ 25C
Ka
HC6H4NO2 + H2O C6H4NO2 + H3O+

[HA]

approximate the
[HA]eq = [HA]init and
solve for x
Ka
A H O
HA
1.4 10
0.012
initial
change
-x
equilibrium 0.012
0.012x
xxxx
1.2 10 x
2
1.2 10 2
[A2-]
[H3O+]
0
+x
x
+x
x
1.4 10 1.2 10
5
x 4.110 4

Ka for HC6H4NO2 = 1.4 x 10-5
check if the
approximation is
valid by seeing if
x < 5% of
[HC6H4NO2]init
initial
change
equilibrium
[HA]
[A2-]
[H3O+]
0.012
0
+x
x
-x
0.012
x = 4.1 x 10-4
4.110
1.2 10
100% 3.4% 5%
+x
x

equilibrium
concentration
initial
change
equilibrium
[HA]
[A2-]
[H3O+]
0.012
0
+x
x
-x
0.012-x
+x
x
x = 4.1 x 10-4
HC H NO 0.012 x 0.012 4.110 0.012 M

6
C H NO H O x 4.110
6

the formula for pH
and solve
[HA]
[A2-]
[H3O+]
0.012
initial
0
0
change
-x
+x
+x
equilibrium 0.012 0.00041 0.00041
pH -log H 3O
log 4.1 10
3.39

the equilibrium
expression and
Ka to the given Ka
the values match
[HA]
[A2-]
[H3O+]
0.012
-x
0
+x
0.012
0.00041
0.00041
[C6 H 4 NO-2 ][ H 3O ]
Ka
HC6 H 4 NO2
4.1 10
1.2 10
4 2
2
1.4 105
+x
Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)

solution @ 25C
the acid with water
HClO2 + H2O ClO2 + H3O+
Construct an ICE
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the [H3O+]
from water is 0
[HClO2] [ClO2-] [H3O+]

initial
change
equilibrium
0.100

solution @ 25C
in terms of x
sum the columns to
concentrations in
terms of x
substitute into the
expression

initial
change
equilibrium
-x
0
+x
0
+x
0.100-x
0.100
[ClO-2 ][ H 3O ]
x x
Ka
HClO2
1.00 101 x

solution @ 25C
Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2

Ka from Table 15.5
approximate the
[HClO2]eq = [HClO2]init
and solve for x
Ka
ClO H O
HClO2
1.110
initial
change
equilibrium
x x
1.00 10
x
1.00 10 1
-x
0
+x
0
+x
0.100-x
0.100
1.110 1.00 10
2
x 3.3 10 2

solution @ 25C
check if the
approximation is
< 5% of [HNO2]init

initial
change
equilibrium
-x
0
+x
0
+x
0.100-x
0.100
x = 3.3 x 10-2
3.3 10
1.00 10
100% 33% 5%
the approximation is invalid

solution @ 25C
if the approximation
is invalid, solve for x
using the quadratic
formula
Ka
ClO H O
HClO2
1.110 2
x x
1.00 10
x2
1.00 10
0 x 2 0.011x 0.0011
x
0.011
0.011 2 4(1)(0.0011)
2(1)
x 0.028 or - 0.039

solution @ 25C

equilibrium
concentration
initial
change
equilibrium
-x
0
+x
0
+x
0.100-x
0.072
0.028
x
0.028
x
0.100
x = 0.028
HClO2 0.100 x 0.100 0.028 0.072 M
ClO H O x 0.028 M
2

solution @ 25C
the formula for pH
and solve

initial
change
equilibrium
pH -log H 3O
-x
0
+x
0
+x
0.072
0.028
0.028
0.100
log 0.028 1.55

solution @ 25C
the equilibrium
concentrations back into
the equilibrium constant
expression and
comparing the calculated
Ka to the given Ka
the answer matches

initial
change
equilibrium
Ka
-x
0
+x
0
+x
0.072
0.028
0.028
0.100
ClO H O
HClO2
2
0.028
1.1 102
0.072
Ex 15.8 - What is the Ka of a weak acid if a

0.100 M solution has a pH of 4.25?
Use the pH to find the
equilibrium [H3O+]
the acid with water
[H 3O ] 10-pH 10 4.25 5.6 10 5 M
HA + H2O A + H3O+
Construct an ICE table

for the reaction
initial
Enter the initial
change
concentrations and
equilibrium
[H3O+]equil
[HA]
[A-]
[H3O+]
0.100
0
5.6E-05
Ex 15.8 - What is the Ka of a weak acid if a

0.100 M solution has a pH of 4.25?
fill in the rest of the
table using the
[H3O+] as a guide
if the difference is
insignificant,
[HA]equil = [HA]initial
substitute into the Ka
expression and
compute Ka
HA + H2O A + H3O+
[HA]
[A-]
[H3O+]
0.100
initial
change
5.6E-05 +5.6E-05 +5.6E-05
equilibrium
0.100
0.100
5.6E-05
5.6E-05 5.6E-05
[A - ][ H 3O ] 5.6 105 5.6 105

Ka
HA
0.100
K a 3.1 108
Percent Ionization
another way to measure the strength of an acid is

to determine the percentage of acid molecules that
ionize when dissolved in water this is called the
percent ionization
the higher the percent ionization, the stronger the acid
molarity of ionized acid
Percent Ionization
100%
initial molarity of acid
since [ionized acid]equil = [H3O+]equil
Percent Ionization
[H 3O ]equil
[HA]init
100%
Ex 15.9 - What is the percent ionization of a

2.5 M HNO2 solution?
the acid with water
HNO2 + H2O NO2 + H3O+
Construct an ICE table

for the reaction
initial
Enter the Initial
change
Concentrations
Define the Change in
Concentration in
terms of x
Sum the columns to
define the Equilibrium
Concentrations
equilibrium
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]

2.5
x
2.5 x
0
+x
x
+x
x

Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]

Ka from Table 15.5
approximate the
[HNO2]eq = [HNO2]init
and solve for x
Ka
2.5
initial
change
-x
equilibrium 2.5-x 2.5
NO H O x x
HNO2
2.5
4.6 10 4
x
0
+x
0
+x
x2
2.5
4.6 10 2.5
4
x 3.4 10 2


Equilibrium
Concentration
x = 3.4 x 10
[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]

initial
change
equilibrium
-2
-x
0
+x
2.52.5
x
x
0.034
x
0.034
2.5
HNO 2 2.5 x 2.5 0.034 2.5 M
NO H O x 0.034 M
2
+x

Apply the Definition
and Compute the
Percent Ionization
since the percent

ionization is < 5%,
the x is small
approximation is
valid

[HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
initial
change
equilibrium
-x
0
+x
2.5
0.034
0.034
2.5
Percent Ionization
[H 3O ]equil
[HNO 2 ]init
3.4 10 2
100% 1.4%
2.5
+x
100%
Relationship Between
[H3O+]equilibrium & [HA]initial
increasing the initial concentration of
acid results in increased H3O+
concentration at equilibrium
Percent Ionization
increasing the initial concentration of
[H
O
]equil
3
acid results in decreased percent
100%
[HA]init
ionization
this means that the increase in H3O+
concentration is slower than the
increase in acid concentration
Why doesnt the increase in H3O

keep up with the increase in HA?
the reaction for ionization of a weak acid is:
HA(aq) + H2O(l) A(aq) + H3O+(aq)

according to Le Chteliers Principle, if we reduce the
concentrations of all the (aq) components, the equilibrium
should shift to the right to increase the total number of
dissolved particles
we can reduce the (aq) concentrations by using a more dilute
initial acid concentration
the result will be a larger [H3O+] in the dilute solution

compared to the initial acid concentration
this will result in a larger percent ionization
Finding the pH of Mixtures of Acids

generally, you can ignore the contribution of the weaker acid
to the [H3O+]equil
for a mixture of a strong acid with a weak acid, the complete

ionization of the strong acid provides more than enough
[H3O+] to shift the weak acid equilibrium to the left so far that
the weak acids added [H3O+] is negligible
for mixtures of weak acids, generally only need to consider

the stronger for the same reasons
as long as one is significantly stronger than the other, and their
concentrations are similar
Ex 15.10 Find the pH of a mixture of 0.150 M

HF(aq) solution and 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
Write the reactions for
the acids with water
and determine their Kas
HF + H2O F + H3O+
HClO + H2O ClO + H3O+ Ka = 2.9 x 10-8
If the Kas are

H2O + H2O OH + H3O+
sufficiently different,
use the strongest acid to
[HF]
construct an ICE table
for the reaction
0.150
initial
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the [H3O+]
from water is 0
Ka = 3.5 x 10-4
change
equilibrium
Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
[F-]
[H3O+]

in terms of x
sum the columns to
concentrations in
terms of x
substitute into the
expression
initial
change
[HF]
[F-]
[H3O+]
0.150
0
+x
x
0
+x
x
equilibrium 0.150 x
[F- ][ H 3O ]
x x
Ka
HF
1.50 101 x

Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4

Ka for HF
[HF]

approximate the
[HF]eq = [HF]init and
solve for x
F H O
Ka
HF
3.5 10 4
0.150
initial
change
-x
equilibrium 0.150
0.150x
xxxx
0.150 x
x2
1.50 10 1
[F-]
[H3O+]
0
+x
x
+x
x
3.5 10 1.50 10
4
x 7.2 10 3

Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
check if the
approximation is
< 5% of [HF]init
initial
change
equilibrium
[HF]
[F-]
[H3O+]
0.150
0
+x
x
-x
0.150
x = 7.2 x 10-3
7.2 10
1.50 10
100% 4.8% 5%
+x
x

Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
equilibrium
concentration
[HF]
initial
change
equilibrium
0.150
-x
0.150-x
0.143
[F-]
[H3O+]
0
0
+x
+x
0.0072
0.0072
x
x
x = 7.2 x 10-3
HF 0.150 x 0.150 7.2 103 0.143 M
F H O x 7.2 10
-

Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
the formula for pH
and solve
initial
change
equilibrium
pH -log H 3O
log 7.2 10
[HF]
[F-]
[H3O+]
0.150
-x
0
+x
0.143
0.0072
0.0072
2.14
+x

Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
the equilibrium
expression and
Ka to the given Ka
[HF]
[F-]
[H3O+]
0.150
-x
0
+x
0.143
0.0072
0.0072
F H O
though not exact,

the answer is
reasonably close
Ka
HF
7.2 10
3 2
0.143
3.6 104
+x
Strong Bases
the stronger the base, the more
willing it is to accept H
use water as the standard acid
for strong bases, practically all

molecules are dissociated into
OH or accept Hs
strong electrolyte
multi-OH strong bases completely
dissociated
[HO] = [strong base] x (# OH)
NaOH Na+ + OH-
Example 15.11b Calculate the pH at 25C of a 0.0015 M

Sr(OH)2 solution and determine if the solution is acidic,
basic, or neutral
Given:
Find:
[Sr(OH)2] = 1.5 x 10-3 M

pH
Concept Plan: [Sr(OH) ]

2
Relationships:
Solution:
[OH]
= 2(0.0015)
= 0.0030 M
Check:
[OH]
[H3O+]
pH
- ] pH - log[H O ]
K
[
H
O
][OH
[OH ]=2[Sr(OH)2]
w
3
3
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ]
[H 3O ] 3.3 10 12 M
14
1
.
0
10
[ H 3O ]
3.0 103
pH - log 3.3 10 12
pH 11.48
pH is unitless. The fact that the pH > 7 means the

solution is basic
Practice - Calculate the pH of a 0.0010 M

Ba(OH)2 solution and determine if it is
Practice - Calculate the pH of a 0.0010 M

Ba(OH)2 solution and determine if it is
Ba(OH)2 = Ba2+ + 2 OH- therefore
[OH-] = 2 x 0.0010 = 0.0020 = 2.0 x 10-3 M
Kw = [H3O+][OH]
-14
1.00
x
10
-12
[H3O+] =
=
5.0
x
10
M
-3
2.0 x 10
pH = -log [H3O+] = -log (5.0 x 10-12)
pH = 11.30
pH > 7 therefore basic
Weak Bases
in weak bases, only a small fraction
of molecules accept Hs
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHweak electrolyte

most of the weak base molecules do
not take H from water
much less than 1% ionization in water
[HO] << [weak base]

finding the pH of a weak base
solution is similar to finding the pH

of a weak acid
Structure of Amines
Ex 15.12 Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution

the base with water
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH
Construct an ICE
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the [OH]
from water is 0
[NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

initial
change
equilibrium
0.100

in terms of x
sum the columns to
concentrations in
terms of x
substitute into the
expression
[NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

initial
change
0.100
equilibrium 0.100 x
0
+x
x
0
+x
x
[NH 4 ][OH ]
x x
Kb
NH 3
1.00 101 x

Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5

Kb from Table 15.8
[NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
since Kb is very small,

approximate the
[NH3]eq = [NH3]init and
solve for x
K bb
NH OH
44
xxx x
NH 33
1.76 10
0.100
initial
change
-x
x
equilibrium 0.100
0.100
1.00 10 x
11
1.00 10 1
0
+x
x
+x
x
1.76 10 1.00 10
5
x 1.33 10 3

Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
check if the
approximation is
< 5% of [NH3]init
[NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

initial
change
equilibrium
0.100
-x
0.100
0
+x
x
x = 1.33 x 10-3
1.33 10
1.00 10
100% 1.33% 5%
+x
x

Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
equilibrium
concentration
[NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

0.100
initial
0
0
change
-x
+x
+x
0.099x 1.33E-3
1.33E-3
equilibrium 0.100
x
x
x = 1.33 x 10-3
NH3 0.100 x 0.100 1.33 10
0.099 M
[ NH 4 ] [OH ] x 1.33 10

Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
use the [OH-] to find
the [H3O+] using Kw
[NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
initial
substitute [H3O ] into
change
the formula for pH
and solve
equilibrium
+
K w [H 3O ][OH - ]
1.00 10-14
[H 3O ]
1.33 10-3
[H 3O ] 7.52 10-12
0
+x
0.100
-x
0.099
+x
1.33E-3 1.33E-3
pH -log H O
log7.52 10 11.124
3
12

Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
the equilibrium
the equilibrium constant initial
expression and
change
equilibrium
Kb to the given Kb
though not exact,
the answer is
reasonably close
Kb
[NH3] [NH4+] [OH]

0
+x
0.100
-x
0.099
NH 3
1.33 10
3 2
0.099
+x
1.33E-3 1.33E-3
NH OH
1.8 105
Practice Find the pH of a 0.0015 M morphine

solution, Kb = 1.6 x 10-6
Practice Find the pH of a 0.0015 M morphine solution

the base with water
Construct an ICE
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the [OH]
from water is 0
B + H2O BH+ + OH
[B]
initial
change
equilibrium
0.0015
[BH+]
0
[OH]
0

in terms of x
sum the columns to
concentrations in
terms of x
substitute into the
expression
[B]
[BH+]
initial
0.0015
0
x
change
+x
x
equilibrium 0.0015 x
[OH]
0
+x
x
[BH ][OH ]
x x
Kb
B
1.5 103 x

Kb for Morphine = 1.6 x 10-6

Kb
[B]
[BH+]
initial
0.0015
0
change
-x
+x
equilibrium 0.0015
0.0015
x
x

approximate the [B]eq
= [B]init and solve for x
K
Kbb
BH
BH OH
OH
BB
1.6 10
xxx x
11..5510
10 x
33
1.5 10 1
[OH]
0
+x
x
1.6 10 1.5 10
6
x 4.9 10 5

check if the
approximation is
< 5% of [B]init
[B]
initial
change
equilibrium
0.0015
-x
0.0015
[BH+]
0
+x
x
x = 4.9 x 10-5
4.9 10
1.5 10
100% 3.3% 5%
[OH]
0
+x
x

equilibrium
concentration
[B]
[BH+] [OH]
initial
0.0015
0
0
change
-x
+x
+x
equilibrium 0.0015
0.0015x 4.9E-5
4.9E-5
x
x
x = 4.9 x 10-5
Morphine 0.0015 x 0.0015 4.9 105 0.0015 M
[BH ] [OH ] x 4.9 10

the [H3O+] using Kw
the formula for pH
and solve
K w [H 3O ][OH - ]
1.00 10-14
[H 3O ]
4.9 10-5
[H 3O ] 2.0 10-10
[B]
initial
change
equilibrium
0.0015
-x
0.0015
[BH+] [OH]
0
0
+x
+x
4.9E-5
4.9E-5
pH -log H O
log 2.0 10 9.69
3
10

the equilibrium
the equilibrium constant initial
expression and
change
equilibrium
Kb to the given Kb
[B]
0.0015
-x
0.0015
the answer
matches the
given Kb
4.9E-5
4.9E-5
BH OH
Kb
[BH+] [OH]
0
0
+x
+x
4.9 10
5 2
0.0015
1.6 10
Acid-Base Properties of Salts

salts are water soluble ionic compounds
salts that contain the cation of a strong base and an
anion that is the conjugate base of a weak acid are basic

NaHCO3 solutions are basic
Na+ is the cation of the strong base NaOH
HCO3 is the conjugate base of the weak acid H 2CO3
salts that contain cations that are the conjugate acid of a

weak base and an anion of a strong acid are acidic
NH4Cl solutions are acidic
NH4+ is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH 3
Cl is the anion of the strong acid HCl
Anions as Weak Bases

every anion can be thought of as the conjugate base of an
acid
therefore, every anion can potentially be a base
A(aq) + H2O(l) HA(aq) + OH(aq)
the stronger the acid is, the weaker the conjugate base is
an anion that is the conjugate base of a strong acid is pH neutral
Cl(aq) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + OH(aq)
since HCl is a strong acid, this equilibrium lies practically completely to the
left
an anion that is the conjugate base of a weak acid is basic

F(aq) + H2O(l) HF(aq) + OH(aq)
since HF is a weak acid, the position of this equilibrium favors the right
Ex 15.13 - Use the Table to Determine if

the Given Anion Is Basic or Neutral
a) NO3
the conjugate base of a
strong acid, therefore
neutral
b) NO2
the conjugate base of a
weak acid, therefore
basic
Relationship between Ka of an Acid and

Kb of Its Conjugate Base
many reference books only give tables of Ka values
because Kb values can be found from them
when you add
equations,
you multiply
the Ks
HA( aq) H 2O(l ) A ( aq) H 3O ( aq)
[ A ][H 3O ]
Ka
[HA]
A ( aq) H 2O(l ) HA( aq) OH ( aq)
2 H 2O(l ) H3O (aq) OH (aq)
[A ][ H 3O ] [ HA ][OH ]
Ka K b
[ HA ]
[A ]
K a K b [ H 3O ][OH ] K w
[ HA][H 3O ]
Kb
[A ]
Na is the cation of a
strong base pH
neutral. The CHO2
is the anion of a
weak acid pH basic
+

the anion with water
Construct an ICE
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the [OH]
from water is 0
Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M

NaCHO2(aq) solution
CHO2 + H2O HCHO2 +
OH
[CHO2] [HCHO2]
initial
change
equilibrium
0.100
[OH]
0
Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M NaCHO2(aq) solution

in terms of x
sum the columns to
concentrations in
terms of x
Calculate the value
of Kb from the value
of Ka of the weak
acid from Table 15.5
substitute into the
expression
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
initial
0.100
x
change
equilibrium 0.100 x
+x
x
+x
x
Ka K b K w
1.0 1014
11
Kb
5
.
6
10
1.8 104
x x
[HCHO 2 ][OH ]
Kb
1.00 101 x
CHO 2

Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
approximate the
[CHO2]eq = [CHO2]init
and solve for x
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]

0.100
initial
change
-x
equilibrium 0.100
0.100x
[HCHO
[HCHO22][
][OH
OH]]
x xx x
K
Kbb
11..00
0010
1011 x
CHO
CHO22
+x
x
+x
x
2
x
5.6 1011
1
1.00 10
5.6 10 1.00 10
11
x 2.4 10 6

Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
initial
change
equilibrium
check if the
approximation is
< 5% of [CHO2]init
0.100
-x
+x
x
+x
x
0.100
x = 2.4 x 10-6
6
2.4 10
100
%
0
.
0024
%
5
%
1
1.00 10

Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
equilibrium
concentration
0.100
initial
change
-x
equilibrium 0.100
0.100x
+x
2.4E-6
x
+x
2.4E-6
x
x = 2.4 x 10-6
CHO 0.100 x 0.100 2.4 10 0.100 M

2
[HCHO 2 ] [OH ] x 2.4 10

Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
the [H3O+] using Kw
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
initial
change
equilibrium

the formula for pH
and solve
K w [H 3O ][OH - ]
1.00 10
[H 3O ]
2.4 10-6
[H 3O ] 4.2 10-9
-14
0.100
-x
+x
+x
0.100
2.4E-6
2.4E-6
pH -log H3O
log 4.2 10
8.38

Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
the equilibrium
0.100
0
0
the equilibrium constant
change
-x
+x
+x
expression and
0.100
2.4E-6 2.4E-6
Kb to the given Kb
though not exact,
the answer is
reasonably close
Kb
HCHO 2 OH
CHO
2.4 10
6 2
0.100
5.8 1011
Polyatomic Cations as Weak Acids

some cations can be thought of as the conjugate acid
of a base
others are the counterions of a strong base
therefore, some cation can potentially be an acid

MH+(aq) + H2O(l) MOH(aq) + H3O+(aq)
the stronger the base is, the weaker the conjugate

acid is
a cation that is the counterion of a strong base is pH neutral

a cation that is the conjugate acid of a weak base is acidic
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
since NH3 is a weak base, the position of this equilibrium favors
the right
Metal Cations as Weak Acids

cations of small, highly charged metals are weakly
acidic
alkali metal cations and alkali earth metal cations pH neutral

cations are hydrated
Al(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l) Al(H2O)5(OH)2+ (aq) + H3O+(aq)
Ex 15.15 - Determine if the Given

Cation Is Acidic or Neutral
a) C5N5NH2+
the conjugate acid of a weak base, therefore
acidic
b) Ca2+
the counterion of a strong base, therefore neutral
c) Cr3+
a highly charged metal ion, therefore acidic
Classifying Salt Solutions as

Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
if the salt cation is the counterion of a strong
base and the anion is the conjugate base of a
strong acid, it will form a neutral solution
NaCl
Ca(NO3)2
KBr
if the salt cation is the counterion of a strong

weak acid, it will form a basic solution
NaF
Ca(C2H3O2)2 KNO2

if the salt cation is the conjugate acid of a weak
strong acid, it will form an acidic solution
NH4Cl
if the salt cation is a highly charged metal ion
and the anion is the conjugate base of a strong

acid, it will form an acidic solution
Al(NO3)3

if the salt cation is the conjugate acid of a weak
weak acid, the pH of the solution depends on
the relative strengths of the acid and base
NH4F since HF is a stronger acid than NH4+, Ka of
NH4+ is larger than Kb of the F; therefore the
solution will be acidic
Ex 15.16 - Determine whether a solution of the

following salts is acidic, basic, or neutral
a) SrCl2
b)
c)
Sr2+ is the counterion of a strong base, pH neutral

Cl is the conjugate base of a strong acid, pH neutral
solution will be pH neutral
AlBr3
Al3+ is a small, highly charged metal ion, weak acid
Cl is the conjugate base of a strong acid, pH neutral
CH3NH3NO3
CH3NH3+ is the conjugate acid of a weak base, acidic
NO3 is the conjugate base of a strong acid, pH neutral
Ex 15.16 - Determine whether a solution of the

following salts is acidic, basic, or neutral
d) NaCHO2
Na+ is the counterion of a strong base, pH neutral
CHO2 is the conjugate base of a weak acid, basic
e)
solution will be basic

NH4F
NH4+ is the conjugate acid of a weak base, acidic
F is the conjugate base of a weak acid, basic
Ka(NH4+) > Kb(F); solution will be acidic
Polyprotic Acids
since polyprotic acids ionize in steps, each H has a
separate Ka
Ka1 > Ka2 > Ka3
generally, the difference in Ka values is great enough so
that the second ionization does not happen to a large
enough extent to affect the pH
most pH problems just do first ionization
except H2SO4 use [H2SO4] as the [H3O+] for the second
ionization
[A2-] = Ka2 as long as the second ionization is negligible
Ex 15.18 Find the pH of 0.0100 M H2SO4(aq)

solution @ 25C
Write the reactions
H2SO4 + H2O HSO4 + H3O+
for the acid with
water
Construct an ICE
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the
[HSO4] and [H3O+]
is [H2SO4]
HSO4 + H2O SO42 +

H3O+
[HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]
initial
change
equilibrium
0.0100
0.0100

solution @ 25C
in terms of x
sum the columns to
concentrations in
terms of x
substitute into the
expression
[HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]

0.0100
initial
change
x
equilibrium 0.0100 x
0.0100
+x
+x
0.0100 x
[SO24- ][ H 3O ] x 0.0100 x
Ka
0.0100 x
[ HSO4 ]

solution @ 25C
Ka for HSO4 = 0.012
expand and solve for
x using the quadratic
formula
[SO 24- ][ H 3O ] x 0.0100 x

Ka
0.0100 x
[ HSO4 ]
0.0100 x x
0.012
0.0100 x
1.2 10 4 1.2 10 2 x 1.00 10 2 x x 2

0 x 2 0.022 x 0.00012
0.022
0.022 2 4(1)(0.00012)
2(1)
x 0.027 or 0.0045

solution @ 25C
Ka for HSO4 = 0.012
equilibrium
initial
concentration
definitions and solve change
[HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]

0.0100
0.0100
+x
+x
0.0055x 0.0045
x
0.0100
0.0145x
equilibrium 0.0100
x = 0.0045
[HSO 4 ] 0.0100 x 0.0100 0.0045 0.0055 M
[H3O ] 0.0100 x 0.0145 M
[SO 24- ] x 0.0045 M

solution @ 25C
Ka for HSO4 = 0.012
the formula for pH
initial
and solve
[HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]
change
equilibrium
0.0100
0.0100
+x
+x
0.0055
0.0045
0.0145
pH -log H3O
log 0.0145 1.839

solution @ 25C
Ka for HSO4 = 0.012
the equilibrium
concentrations back
into the equilibrium
constant expression
and comparing the
calculated Ka to the
given Ka
[HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]

initial
change
equilibrium
the answer matches
Ka
0.0100
0.0100
+x
+x
0.0055
0.0045
0.0145
SO H O
HSO
24
3
4
0.0045 0.0145
1.2 102
0.0055
Strengths of Binary Acids

the more + H-X - polarized the
bond, the more acidic the bond

the stronger the H-X bond, the
weaker the acid
binary acid strength increases to the
right across a period
H-C < H-N < H-O < H-F
binary acid strength increases down

the column
H-F < H-Cl < H-Br < H-I
Strengths of Oxyacids, H-O-Y

the more electronegative the Y atom, the
stronger the acid
helps weakens the H-O bond
the more oxygens attached to Y, the stronger the

acid
further weakens and polarizes the H-O bond
Lewis Acid - Base Theory
electron sharing
electron donor = Lewis Base = nucleophile
must have a lone pair of electrons
electron acceptor = Lewis Acid = electrophile

electron deficient
when Lewis Base gives electrons from lone
pair to Lewis Acid, a covalent bond forms

between the molecules
Nucleophile: + Electrophile Nucleophile:Electrophile
product called an adduct
other acid-base reactions also Lewis
Example - Complete the Following

Lewis Acid-Base Reactions
Label the Nucleophile and Electrophile
OH
+ OH-1
OH
H
Electrophile
OH
-1
+
OH
Nucleophile
OH
Practice - Complete the Following

BF3 + HF
CaO + SO3
KI + I2
Practice - Complete the Following

BF3 + HF H+1BF4-1
Nuc
H F
Ele
c
CaO + SO3 Ca+2SO4-2

Nuc
Elec
K+1
-1
Elec
+B
H+1 F
O -2
+S
Ca+2 O
KI + I2 KI3
Nuc
-2
Ca+2
F -1
+ I
O
I
K+1 I
I -1
What Is Acid Rain?

natural rain water has a pH of 5.6
naturally slightly acidic due mainly to CO2
rain water with a pH lower than 5.6 is called

acid rain
acid rain is linked to damage in ecosystems and
structures
What Causes Acid Rain?
many natural and pollutant gases dissolved in the air are

nonmetal oxides
CO2, SO2, NO2
nonmetal oxides are acidic

CO2 + H2O H2CO3
2 SO2 + O2 + 2 H2O 2 H2SO4
processes that produce nonmetal oxide gases as waste increase
the acidity of the rain
natural volcanoes and some bacterial action
man-made combustion of fuel
weather patterns may cause rain to be acidic in regions other

than where the nonmetal oxide is produced
pH of Rain in Different Regions
Sources of SO2 from Utilities
Damage from Acid Rain

acids react with metals, and materials that contain
carbonates
acid rain damages bridges, cars, and other metallic
structures
acid rain damages buildings and other structures made
of limestone or cement
acidifying lakes affecting aquatic life
dissolving and leaching more minerals from soil
making it difficult for trees
Acid Rain Legislation

1990 Clean Air Act attacks acid rain
force utilities to reduce SO2
result is acid rain in northeast stabilized and

beginning to be reduced
Damage from Acid Rain

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Acids and Bases

Stomach Acid & Heartburn

if the stomach acid backs up into your esophagus, it

i.e., Al, Zn, Fe, but not Cu, Ag, or Au

react with carbonates, producing CO2

change color of vegetable dyes

react with bases to form ionic salts

explosive, fertilizer, dye, glue

explosive, fertilizer, dye, glue,

metal cleaning, glass etching

oxy acids have acid hydrogens attached to

only the first H in the

the H is on the COOH

solutions feel slippery

react with acids to form ionic salts

some contain CO32- ions

molecular bases contain structures

ionic substances dissociate in water

acids ionize in water to produce H+ ions and anions

HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq)

HC2H3O2(aq) H+(aq) + C2H3O2(aq)

HCl ionizes in water,

NaOH dissociates in water,

instead, they react with a water molecule(s) to produce

Arrhenius Acid-Base Reactions

the cation from the base combines with the

Problems with Arrhenius Theory

does not explain why molecular substances, like NH3,

dissolve in water to form basic solutions even though

does not have to take place in aqueous solution

acid is H donor, base is H acceptor

base structure must contain an atom with an

in an acid-base reaction, the acid molecule

HCl(aq) is acidic because HCl transfers an H+ to

water acts as base, accepting H+

HCl(aq) + H2O(l) Cl(aq) + H3O+(aq)

NH3(aq) is basic because NH3 accepts an H+

water acts as acid, donating H+

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH

water acts as base, accepting H+ from HCl

water acts as acid, donating H+ to NH3

it allows reactions to be reversible

NH3 and NH4+ constitute a

Ex 15.1a Identify the Brnsted-Lowry Acids and

Ex 15.1b Identify the Brnsted-Lowry Acids and

When the HCO3 becomes H2CO3, it accepted an H+ so

Practice Write the formula for the

Practice Write the formula for the

Practice Write the formula for the

Practice Write the formula for the

since CO32 does not have an H, it

arrows in reactions to indicate the

a strong acid is a strong electrolyte

practically all the acid molecules ionize,

a strong base is a strong electrolyte

a weak acid is a weak electrolyte

a weak base is a weak electrolyte

strong acids donate

[H3O+] = [strong acid]

HCl H+ + ClHCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

[H3O+] << [weak acid]

HF H+ + FHF + H2O H3O+ + F-