CHAPTER 9

THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE AND
EXPERT SYSTEM
ITE PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND
VALUES
BY: GROUP 1 FIRST FIVE

What is
Artificial
Intelligence
(AI)?

- There are many definitions of AI.

- The basic objective of AI is to
represent
humans'
thought
processes in computers.
- Practical mechanisms that enables
computers to stimulate the human
reasoning process.

AI Objectives

Make machines smarter.(primary goal)

Understand

what

intelligence

is.

(Nobel

Laureate purpose)

Make machines more useful. (entrepreneurial

purpose)

Turing Test for Intelligence

A computer can be considered to be
smart only when a human interviewer,
conversing with both an unseen
human being and an unseen computer,
can not determine which is which.

Turing Test for Intelligence

The inability to distinguish
computer
responses
from
human responses.

AI Represents Knowledge as
Sets of Symbols
A symbol is a string of
characters that stands for
some real-world concept.

AI Represents Knowledge as
Sets of Symbols
Examples
Product
Defendant
0.8
Chocolate

Symbol Structures
(Relationships)

(DEFECTIVE product)

(LEASED {LIABILITY defendant} 0.8)

Tastes good (chocolate).

Heuristic Methods for

Processing Information

Search

Inferencing

Reasoning - Inferencing from facts

and rules using heuristics or other
search approaches.
Pattern Matching - Attempt to
describe objects, events, or processes
in terms of their qualitative features
and
logical
and
computational
relationships.

Knowledge Processing - Given

facts or other representations.
Knowledge
Bases
knowledge is stored.

Where

Using the Knowledge Base in AI

Programs Inferencing.

Using the Knowledge

Base
Computer
Inputs

Knowledge
Base

Inferencing
Capability

Outputs

Artificial
Intelligence versus
Natural Intelligence

AI Advantages Over Natural

Intelligence
More permanent

Ease
of
duplication
dissemination
Less expensive

and

AI Advantages Over Natural

Intelligence

Consistent and thorough

Can be documented
Can execute certain tasks much
faster than a human

AI Advantages Over Natural

Intelligence

Natural intelligence is creative

Can

use a wide context of

experience in different situations

AI Advantages Over Natural

Intelligence
Can perform certain tasks better
than many or even most people.

People

directly

use sensory experience

AI Computing
Based
representation
manipulation.

Objects

on

symbolic
and

can be people, things,

ideas,
concepts, events, or
statements of fact.

AI Computing

Creates a symbolic knowledge

base.

A symbol is a letter, word, or

number representing objects,
processes,
and
their
relationships.

AI Computing

Manipulates
symbols
generate advice.

to

AI reasons or infers with the

knowledge base by search and
pattern matching.

AI Computing

Hunts for answers (via

algorithms).
Caution: AI is NOT magic.
AI is a unique approach to
programming computers.

AI Tree
Fruits: Applications
Branches:
Expert Systems, Natural Language
processing, Speech Understanding,
Robotics
and
Sensory
Systems,
Computer Vision, Neural Computing,
Fuzzy Logic, GA

AI Tree
Roots:
Psychology, Philosophy, Electrical
Eng.,
Management
Science,
Computer science, Linguistics

AI Transparent in Commercial
Products
Anti-lock Braking Systems
Video Camcorders
Data Mining Software
Help Desk Software

AI Transparent in Commercial
Products

SUBWAY Control
Appliances
Washers
Toasters
Stoves

Expert Systems
A computer application that
employs a set o rules based on
human
knowledge
to
solve
problems that require human
expertise.

Expert Systems
Most Popular Applied
Technology
Enhance Productivity
Augment Work Forces

AI

Three Major ES
Components

Knowledge Base

Inference Engine

User Interface

Three Major ES Components

User Interface

Inference Engine

Knowledge Base

All ES Components

Knowledge Base
Inference Engine
User Interface

All ES Components

Blackboard (Workplace)
Explanation Subsystem
(Justifier)

Knowledge
System
User

Refining

Knowledge Base

The knowledge base contains the

knowledge necessary for understanding,
formulating, and solving problems.
Knowledge is the primary raw material
of ES
Incorporated knowledge representation

Knowledge Base
Two

Basic
Elements

Knowledge

Base

Facts
Special heuristics, or rules that
direct the use of knowledge.

INFERENCE ENGINE
Inferencing is the reasoning
process of AI. It takes place in the
brain of an AI process.

The brain of the ES

The

control

interpreter)

structure

(rule

User Interface

Language processor for

friendly,
problem-oriented
communication

NLP,
graphics

or

menus

and

Knowledge Acquisition
Subsystem

Knowledge acquisition is the

accumulation,
transfer
and
transformation
of
problemsolving expertise from experts

Knowledge Acquisition
Subsystem
and/or documented knowledge
sources to a computer program
for constructing or expanding the
knowledge base.

Blackboard (Workplace)

Area of working memory

to
Describe the current problem
Record Intermediate results

Blackboard (Workplace)

Records Intermediate
Hypotheses and Decisions
1. Plan
2. Agenda
3. Solution

Explanation Subsystem
(Justifier)

Traces
responsibility
and
explains the ES behavior by
interactively
answering
questions
- Why? How?What?
-Where? When? Who?

Explanation Subsystem
(Justifier)

Knowledge Refining System

Learning
for
improving
performance

THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN

EXPERT SYSTEMS

Expert
Knowledge Engineer
User
Others

The Expert

Has the special knowledge,

judgment,
experience
and
methods to give advice and solve
problems.

Provides knowledge about task

performance.

The Knowledge Engineer

Helps the expert(s) structure

the
problem
area
by
interpreting and integrating
human answers to questions,
drawing analogies,

The Knowledge Engineer

posing counterexamples, and
bringing to light conceptual
difficulties.

Usually
Builder

also

the

System

THE USER
Possible Classes of Users
A non-expert client seeking
direct advice (ES acts as a
Consultant or Advisor)
A student who wants to learn
(Instructor)

 An ES builder improving or increasing

the knowledge base (Partner)
An expert (Colleague or Assistant)
The Expert and the Knowledge
Engineer should Anticipate Users'
Needs
and
Limitations
When
Designing ES.

Advantages of Expert Systems

Permanence
- Expert systems do not
forget, but human experts
may.

Advantages of Expert Systems

Reproducibility
- Many copies of an expert system
can be made, but training new human
experts
is
time-consuming
and
expensive.

Advantages of Expert Systems

- If there is a maze of rules (e.g.

tax and auditing), then the expert
system can "unravel" the maze.

Advantages of Expert Systems

Efficiency- can increase
throughput and decrease
personnel costs
Development and maintenance
costs can be spread over many
users.

 The overall cost can be quite

reasonable when compared to
expensive and scarce human
experts.
Cost savings.
Wages - (elimination of a room
full of clerks)

Humans are influenced by:

recency effects (most recent

information
having
a
disproportionate
impact
on
judgment)
primacy effects (early information
dominates the judgment).

 DOCUMENTATION
- An expert system can provide

permanent documentation of the

decision process.

 COMPLETENESS

- An expert system can review

all the transactions, a human
expert can only review a sample.

 TIMELINESS
- Fraud and/or errors can be
prevented.
Information
is
available sooner for decision
making.

BREADTH
- The knowledge of multiple human experts
can be combined to give a system more
breadth that a single person is likely to
achieve.
Reduce risk of doing business.
Consistency of decision making.
Documentation.
Achieve Expertise.

 ENTRY BARRIERS
- Expert systems can help a
firm create entry barriers for
potential competitors.

 DIFFERENTIATION
- In some cases, an expert
system can differentiate a
product or can be related to the
focus of the firm (XCON).

 Computer programs are best

in those situations where
there is a structure that is
noted as previously existing
or can be elicited.

PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS

OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

Knowledge is not always

readily available.
Expertise can be hard to
extract from humans.

PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS

OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

Each experts approach

may be different, yet
correct.

Hard, even for a highly skilled

expert, to work under time
pressure.

Expert system users

natural cognitive limits.

have

Most experts have no independent

means
to
validate
their
conclusions

Experts vocabulary often limited

and highly technical

Lack of trust by end-users

Knowledge transfer subject to a

host of perceptual and judgmental
biases

ES may not be able to arrive at valid

conclusions

ES sometimes produce
recommendations

incorrect

EXPERT SYSTEMS TYPES

Expert
Systems
Versus
Knowledge-based Systems
Rule-based Expert Systems
Frame-based Systems

EXPERT SYSTEMS TYPES

Hybrid Systems
Model-based Systems
Ready-made
(Off-the-Shelf)
Systems
Real-time Expert Systems

USING ES ON THE WEB

Provide

knowledge and advice

Help desks
Spread
of
multimedia-based
expert systems (Intel media
systems)

USING ES ON THE WEB

Support

ES and other AI
technologies provided to the
Internet/Intranet

The
end

REFERENCES
Decision Support Systems and Intelligent
Systems, Efraim Turban and Jay E.
Aronson 6th ed, Copyright 2001, Prentice
Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
Accounting
Expert
Systems
Applicationscompiled by Carol E. Brown

Artificial Intelligence
Daniel E. O'Leary

in

Businessby

Artificial Intelligence / Expert Systems

Section of the American Accounting
Association
International
Journal
of
Intelligent
Systems in Accounting, Finance and
Management

QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Enumerate & explain the 3 objectives of Artificial Intelligence.
Discuss fully the Turing test.
What does AI represent?
What is a symbol & give examples?
Give at least 3 symbol structures and explain each.
Name the 2 heuristic methods for processing information &
explain each.
8. Explain: Reasoning; pattern matching; knowledge processing and
knowledge bases.
9. Draw the diagram of a computer using the knowledge base
10.Enumerate & discuss the advantage of AI over Natural
Intelligence.

QUESTIONS
11. Discuss fully: AI computing.
12. Illustrate Artificial Intelligence like a tree.
13. Enumerate the possible presence of AI in commercial products.
14. Discuss fully: The expert system.
15. Enumerate and explain the 3 major expert system components.
16. Enumerate & explain the 2 most popular technology application of
expert system.
17. Make a diagram showing the 3 major ES components.
18. Enumerate at least 7 components of expert system & explain each.
19. What are the 2 basic knowledge base elements & explain each.
20. Give at least 2 functions of the area of the working memory.
21. Name the 3 important things in the blackboard or workplace where
intermediate hypothesis & decisions are recorded.

Questions
22. What questions where the justifier or the
explanation subsystem traces responsibility and
explains behavior interactively?
23. Enumerate and explain the human elements in
expert system.
24. What is inference engine?

ANSWER
1.Practical mechanisms that enables
computers to stimulate the human reasoning
process.
2.The inability to distinguish computer
responses from human responses
3. -Make machines smarter
-Understand what intelligence is
-Make machines more useful

ANSWER
4. Inferencing is the reasoning process of AI. It
takes place in the brain of
an AI
process.
5. AI is permanent, can be easily duplicated, can
be less expensive, and can be documented.
6. Artificial intelligence is not creative , it is
limited in the use of sensory devices, it
cannot make use of a very wide context of
experiences, and it does not use common
sense

ANSWER
7. A computer application that employs a
set o rules based on human knowledge to
solve problems that require human
expertise.
8. -Knowledge Based
-Inference Engine
-User Interface

9. -Knowledge is not always readily

available
-Expertise can be hard to extract from
humans
-Each experts approach may be
different, yet correct
10.- Rule-based Expert Systems
-Frame-based Systems
-Hybrid Systems