PIPING CODES

PIPING CODES

:Standard
Standard is the degree of excellence required.

Specification:
Specification is a detailed description of construction, workmanship,
materials, etc.

Code of practices :
Code of practices is recommended method of doing something.

Legislation :
Legislation is legal requirement, which is therefore mandatory, unlike a
standard, specification or code of practices.

PIPING CODES

Codes usually set forth minimum requirements for

Design of piping systems
Materials of piping systems
Fabrication of piping systems
Erection of piping systems
Test of piping systems
Inspection of piping systems

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Compliance to code is generally mandated by regulations

imposed by regulatory and enforcement agencies. At
times, the insurance carries for facility leaves hardly any
choice for the owner but to comply with the requirements
of a code or codes to ensure safety of the workers and
the general public. Compliance to standards is normally
required by the rules of the applicable code or the
purchasers specification.

PIPING CODES

Each code has limits on its jurisdiction, which are

precisely defined in the code. Similarly, the scope of
application for each standard is defined in the standard.
Therefore, users must become familiar with limits of
application of a code or standard before invoking their
requirements in design and construction documents of a
piping system.

PIPING CODES

The codes and standards, which relate to piping systems

and piping components, are published by various
organizations. These organizations have committees
made up of representatives from industry associations,
manufacturers,
professional
groups,
government
agencies, insurance companies, and other interest
groups.

PIPING CODES

The committees are responsible for maintaining,

updating, and revising the codes and standards in view of
technological developments, research, experience
feedback, problems, and changes in referenced codes,
standards, specifications, and regulations.
The revisions to various codes and standards are
published periodically. Therefore, it is important that the
engineers, designers, and other professional and
technical personnel stay informed with the latest editions,
addenda, or revisions of the codes and standards
affecting their work.

PIPING CODES

While designing a piping system in accordance with a

code or a standard, the designer must comply with the
most restrictive requirements, which apply to any of the
piping elements.
In regard to applicability of a particular edition, issue,
addenda, or revision of a code or standard, one must be
aware of the national, state provincial, and local laws and
regulations governing its applicability in addition to the
commitments made by the owner and the limitations
delineated in the code or standard.

PIPING CODES

History of pipeline codes:

1925

Need for pressure piping code due to increased oil related

activity.

1926

Project B31 initiated at request of ASME.

1935

B31 published as American tentative standard code for

pressure piping.

1951

After several revisions this became American standard B31.1

with sectin 3 covering oil transportation pipelines.

1955

Separate codes developed and published as:

B31.4 Liquid petroleum transportation piping.
B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping.

PIPING CODES

History of pipeline codes:

1963-9 Major revisions to B31.8 based on research data.
1970

British standard CP2010 introduced. Part 2 covered design

and construction of steel pipelines land-oil and gas pipelines.

1970

IGE 674A introduced-gas pipeline design code based on

fracture mechanics.

1977

IGE TD\1 introduced-a complete gas pipeline code including

revised design criteria.

1984

IGE TD\1 edition 2 published allowing design pressures up to

100 bar for land pipelines.

PIPING CODES

History of pipeline codes:

1986

Work commenced on BS 8010 pipelines.

1992

Publication of BS 8010 pipelines part 2-pipelines on land

section 2.8 steel pipelines for oil and gas.

1993

IGE TD\1 edition 3 published introducing risk analysis and

condition monitoring.

1993

Publication of BS 8010 pipelines part 3-pipelines subsea.

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Development of pipeline codes:

Steel pipeline technology originally developed in the USA.
The first codes were written by ANSI/ASME as the B31 series for oil
and gas.
IGE 674 was introduced in 1965 as a gas pipeline code for UK, but
based on B31.8 high level testing of gas pipelines following
construction introduced in USA and UK.
Up to this time all codes were just a statement of 'Good Practice'
mainly relating to construction and installation. Very little on design.
Major gas pipeline failures in USA during the 1960's and the failure at
Yarm in the UK directed attention to gas pipeline design criteria.

PIPING CODES

Development of pipeline codes:

PIPING CODES

Development of pipeline codes:

IGE 674A was published in 1970 after the introduction of natural gas
and the existing standards were regarded as inadequate. Pipeline
routes were classified by areas R, S & T based on possible failure
consequences and maximum operating pressures were restricted to
1000, 350 & 100 psig.
B31.8 also updated by introducing four area classifications 1, 2, 3 & 4.
1 for Rural or Desert Zones, Safety Factor 0.72.
2 for Inhabited Zones, Safety Factor 0.6.
3 for Urban Zones, Safety Factor 0.5.
3 for Urban Zones with multi floor buildings, Safety Factor 0.4

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Development of pipeline codes:

High level hydrostatic testing introduced as a requirement for the
periodic revalidation of gas pipelines in the UK. This has never been a
requirement in the USA under B31.8.
IGE 674B published in 1971 gave provisional recommendations for
sleeves (casings). A 'Good Practice' guide for construction to avoid
common operational problems.

PIPING CODES

Development of pipeline codes:

IGE 674C published in 1974 gave specific recommendations for
construction and testing of gas pipelines. The test pressure was
related to the pipe SMYS not the design pressure or working pressure.

PIPING CODES

Development of pipeline codes:

UTS
YS

Stress

Elastic

Failure
Plastic

SMYS

0.5%

Strain

100%

PIPING CODES

Development of pipeline codes:

Work on fracture mechanics in high pressure pipelines continued in
USA and UK.
Operating stress level in pipeline steel shown to be the important
parameter not pressure.
Maximum allowable stress levels for each area classification specified
in B31.8 and the new edition 2 of IGE/TD/1; but further divergence
occurs between the two codes.
On-line inspection replaces high level testing for pipeline revalidation
in TD/1; but no periodic revalidation required in B31.8.

PIPING CODES

Development of pipeline codes:

More work on fracture mechanics leads to better OLI defect assessment
criteria as well as risk assessment criteria for pipeline design. Risk
assessment introduced in TD/1 but not B31.8.
40

60

80

100 120 140 160 180

Corroded area

mm
80

mm 6

60
40
20

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90

Proportion of wall thickness

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Development of pipeline codes:

BS8010 introduced with the objective of producing a standard, which
reflected the best international practice in the design of steel pipelines
for oil and gas. IGE /TD/1 is incorporated in BS8010 and the same
principles have been extended to other substances besides natural
gas.
BS8010 is the foundation of the new European pipeline code which is
currently being prepared.

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What are the key differences

between Oil/Liquid Codes and
Gas Codes?

PIPING CODES

The key differences:

Oil & Liquid product lines

Gas lines

No account of population
Density along the route.

Account taken of population

density along the route.

No proximity distances From

buildings.
Maximum design factor 72%
SMYS.

Proximity distances in some

codes some codes but not
B31.8
Maximum design factor can be
as low as 30% SMYS.

Lower standard of Inspection.

Higher standard of inspection.

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The key differences:

:Key differences between Oil codes
ANSI \ ASME B31.4

BS8010

Design factor calculated on

nominal
wall
thickness
tolerance.

Design factor calculated on

minimum
wall
thickness
tolerance.

Minimum depth of cover 3ft but

4ft for LPG liquid and ammonia
lines.

Minimum depth of cover 900mm

for all substances.

Other
wise
no
between products.

Products \ substances are

categorized
some
requiring
more stringent designs.

distinction

PIPING CODES

The key differences:

:Key differences between Gas codes
ANSI \ ASME B31.4

BS8010\IGE TD\1

Design factor calculated on

nominal
wall
thickness
tolerance.

Design factor calculated on

minimum
wall
thickness
tolerance.

Minimum depth of cover varies

with location and ground type.

Minimum depth of cover 900mm

for all substances in all
locations.

Population density is determined

by the number of buildings.

Population density is determined

by the number of persons.

PIPING CODES

The key differences:

:Key differences between Gas codes
ANSI \ ASME B31.4

BS8010\IGE TD\1

No proximity distances From

buildings.

Proximity distances based on

heat radiation levels.

Test
pressure
based
on
operating pressure or design
pressure.

Test pressure based on SMYS ie

the material properties not
pressure.

Allocation of design factor based

on scaling between min. of 0.4
and max. of 0.8

Allocation of design factor based

on fracture mechanics min. 0.3
to max. 0.72 ( can be higher if
risk analysis show it is safe).

PIPING CODES

The key differences:

:Key differences between Gas codes
ANSI \ ASME B31.4
Prescriptive-on risk analysis.

BS8010\IGE TD\1
Risk analysis based code.

PIPING CODES

The key differences:

:Primary standards
AMERICA

EUROPE

National
ANSI

European
EN

Professional

National

AP
ASME
ASTM
NACE

BS
DIN
etc.
Professional
IGE
IP
etc.

PIPING CODES

The key differences:

:Foreign codes and standards
The basic principles of piping design and construction may not differ
much from one country to another, but the requirements of country
specific codes and standards may very substantially. Therefore, the
personnel involved in the engineering design, construction, operation,
and maintenance of piping systems must make sure that the
requirements of applicable cods and standards are complied with to
ensure the safety of the general public and workers associated with
the facility.
The user is advised to verify the latest applicable version / edition of
the code and / or standard before invoking their requirements for any
application.

PIPING CODES

The key differences:

:Relevant activities
:Materials
.Specification of materials
.Manufacture of materials
Testing of materials.
:Pipeline design and construction
.Planning & routing
.Mechanical design
Corrosion control.
Pipeline construction.
Testing & Certification.

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Codes and Standards:

The following codes are used for the design, construction and
inspection of piping systems in North America.
ASME
The ASME B31 Piping Codes:
B31.1 Power Piping
Piping typically found in electric power generating stations, in
industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems
and central and district heating and cooling plants.
B31.3 Process Piping
Piping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical,
pharmaceutical, textile, per, semiconductor and cryogenic
plants and related processing plants and terminals.

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Codes and Standards:

The following codes are used for the design, construction and
inspection of piping systems in North America.
ASME
The ASME B31 Piping Codes:
B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and
Other Liquids
Piping transporting products which are predominately quid
between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping,
regulating, and metering stations.
B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
Piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants.

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Codes and Standards:

The following codes are used for the design, construction and
inspection of piping systems in North America.
ASME
The ASME B31 Piping Codes:
B31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems
Piping transporting products which are predominately gas
between sources and terminals including compressor,
regulating and metering stations, gas gathering pipelines.

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Codes and Standards:

The following codes are used for the design, construction and
inspection of piping systems in North America.
ASME
The ASME B31 Piping Codes:
B31.9 Building Services Piping
Piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and
public buildings and in multi-unit residences which does not
require the range of sizes, pressures and temperatures
covered in B311.1
B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
Piping transporting aqueous slurries between plants and
terminals within terminals, pumping and regulating stations.

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Codes and Standards:

ASME B16 Dimensional Codes
The ASME B16 Piping Component Standards:
Piping component standard developed by the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers or the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
ASME B36 Piping Component Standards:
B36.10

Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe.

B36.19

Stainless Steel Pipe.

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Codes and Standards:

Other ASME or ANSI:
B73.1 Horizontal, End Suction Centrifugal Pumps.
B73.2 Vertical In-line Centrifugal Pumps
B133.2 Basic Gas Turbine
NEPA Codes
National Electrical Protection Association
Piping covering fire protection systems using water, Carbon dioxide,
Halon, Foam, Dry chemical and wet chemicals.

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Codes and Standards:

NFC - NFPA Codes
National Fire Code / National Fire Protection Association.
NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities
Piping for medical and laboratory gas systems.
MSS Standard Practices
Piping and related component standards developed by the
Manufacturers Standardization Society. The MSS standards are
directed at general industrial applications. The pipeline industry
makes extensive use of these piping component and quality
acceptance standards.

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Codes and Standards:

API
The API standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product
distribution services. Equipment specified to these standards are
typically more robust than general industrial applications.
ASTM
There are numerous American Society for Testing and Materials
designations cover the specification of wrought materials, forgings and
castings used for plate, fittings, pipe and valves. The ASTM standards
are directed to dimensional standards, materials and strength
considerations.

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010
Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas

Why was a new code

needed?

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010- Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas

Not really needed for oil pipelines.

Significant differences existed between the existing BS 2010 and IGE/1
for Methane.
Serious anomalies existed in all codes over the treatment of
substances such as Ethylene, LPG, Hydrogen and Ammonia.

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010- Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas

Example:
LPG and Ammonia pipelines were usually designed to ANSI/ASME
B31.4 even though the Hazards resulting from them are more serious
than for Methane; whereas Methane pipelines were designed to the
more stringent B31.8 or TD/1.
LPG pipeline incidents in the USA represented only about 16% of the
accidents but resulted in around 90% of the Fatalities

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010- Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Objectives of Part 2.8
It should reflect the current best practice.
It should combine Oil, Gas, Chemicals and Gases from Air in one self
consistent code.
It should have a logical basis for relating the standard of design to the
level of Hazard in the event of an accident..
It should combine the best practices of the Gas, Chemicals and Gases
from Air industries with the best aspects of existing international
codes.

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010- Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Objectives of Part 2.8
It should be simple and workable.
It should not be a design manual.

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010- Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part 2.8 Key Technical Area
Categorisation of substances.
Classification of location:
Proximity to occupied buildings.
Population density.
Selection of design factor.

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010- Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part 2.8 Categorisation of Substances
B
A
Water based substances
Flammable or Toxic liquids at STP
BS8010 Part 2.2
Oil
D
Oil products
Flammable or Toxic gases at STP
Toxic liquids
but conveyed as liquids or gases
C
Ammonia 1
Non Flammable gases at STP
Butane/Propane/LPG 2
Air 1
Argon 2
3 Chlorine 4 Ethane 5 Ethylene
3 Carbon dioxide 4 Nitrogen
6 Hydrogen 7 Methane
5 Oxygen

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010- Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part 2.8 Classification of Location
Class 1 location
Population Density < 2.5 Persons /Hectare
Class 2 location
.Population Density > 2.5 Persons /Hectare
.Extensive developments with Houses, Schools and Shops
Class 3 location
Central areas of Towns and Cities with High population and
.building density, multi-story buildings and dense traffic

PIPING CODES

Codes and Standards:

Introduction to BS 8010- Part 2.8 Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part 2.8 Design Factor
Definition
.Max. Allowable Stress/Specified Min. Yield Stress
Selection
.Substance category
.Location classification
Consistent approach

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Codes and Standards:

Problem Set:
1. Are process plant water lines considered pressure piping
systems?
2. For what fluid service category may a hydrotest be waived per
B31.3?
3. What is the difference between a pipe elbow and a bend?
4. A project award has been made. At the kick off meeting, the PM
advises that piping design will be to B31.4. The facility is steam
piping in a refinery extending from the boiler to the tank farm. What
do you do or say and why?
5. What flange specification would you expect to reference for a gas
pipeline facility?