PRESENTATION BY

OSAMA TAHIR
09-EE-88

COMPLEX NUMBERS
&
COMPLEX PLANE

COMPLEX NUMBERS
A complex number is a number
consisting of a Real and Imaginary
part.
It can be written in the form

i 1

COMPLEX NUMBERS
Why complex numbers are
introduced???
Equations like x2=-1 do not have a
solution within the
2 real numbers

x 1

x 1

i 1
i 1
2

COMPLEX CONJUGATE
The COMPLEX CONJUGATE of a complex

number
z = x + iy, denoted by z* , is given by
z* = x iy
The Modulus or absolute value
is defined by

z x y
2

COMPLEX NUMBERS
Real numbers and imaginary
numbers are subsets of the set of
complex numbers.

Real Numbers

Imaginary
Numbers

Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS
Equal complex numbers
Two complex numbers are equal if
their
real parts are equal and their
imaginary
parts are equal.
If a + bi = c + di,
then a = c and b = d

ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a bi) (c di) (a c) (b d )i
EXAMPLE
(2 3i ) (1 5i )
(2 1) (3 5)i

3 8i

SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS

(a bi) (c di ) (a c) (b d )i
Example
( 2 3i ) (1 5i )
( 2 1) (3 5)i
1 2i

MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a bi)(c di ) (ac bd ) (ad bc)i

Example
( 2 3i )(1 5i )
( 2 15) (10 3)i
13 13i

DIVISION OF A COMPLEX NUMBERS

a bi
c di

a bi c di

c di c di

ac adi bci bdi

2
2
c d

ac bd bc ad i

2
2
c d

EXAMPLE

6 7i
1 2i

6 7 i 1 2i
1 2i 1 2i

6 12i 7 i 14i

12 2 2

20 5i

6 14 5i

1 4

20 5i

5
5

4i

COMPLEX PLANE
A complex number can be plotted on a plane with
two perpendicular coordinate axes
The horizontal x-axis, called the real axis
The vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis

x-y plane is known as

the complex plane.

The complex plane

Slide 14

COMPLEX PLANE
Geometrically, |z| is the distance of the point z
from the origin while is the directed angle
from the positive x-axis to OP in the above
figure.
y
tan 1

x
is called the argument of z and is
denoted by arg z. Thus,

y
arg z tan
x
1

z0

Expressing Complex Number

in Polar Form

x r cos

y r sin

So any complex number, x + iy,

can be written in
polar form:

x yi r cos r sin i

Imaginary axis

Real axis

De Moivres Theorem
De Moivre's Theorem is the theorem which
shows us how to take complex numbers to any
power easily.
Let r(cos +isin ) be a complex number
and n be any real number. Then
[r(cos +isin ]n = rn(cosn+isin n)
[r(cos +isin ]n = rn(cosn+isin n)

Euler Formula
The polar form of a complex number can be
rewritten as

z r (cos j sin ) x jy
re j
This leads to the complex exponential
function :

z x jy

e e
z

x jy

e e
x

jy

e x cos y j sin y

Example
A complex number, z = 1 - j
has a magnitude
| z | (12 12 ) 2
and
argument :

z tan

2
n

2
n

rad
1
4

rad
Hence its principal argument isArg z
4
:
Hence in polar form

:
j

z 2e

2 cos j sin
4
4

APPLICATIONS
Complex numbers has a wide range of
applications in Science, Engineering,
Statistics etc.
Applied mathematics
Solving diff eqs with function of complex roots

Cauchy's integral formula

Calculus of residues
In Electric circuits
to solve electric circuits

How complex numbers can be

applied to The Real World???
Examples of the application of complex
numbers:
1) Electric field and magnetic field.
2) Application in ohms law.
3) In the root locus method, it is especially
important whether the poles and zeros
are in the left or right half planes
4) A complex number could be used to
represent the position of an object in a

REFEREN CES..
Wikipedia.com
Howstuffworks.com
Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics
Complex Analysis

O
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T
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Q
ANY

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NS....

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION..!