SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Universe
Universe
The
The population
population from
from
which
which
aa sample
sample will
will be
be drawn.
drawn.

Universe

Sample
Sample
A
A subset
subset from
from aa
large
large population.
population.

Sample

Probability
Probability
Samples
Samples
NonNonProbability
Probability
Samples
Samples

SAMPLING METHOD
Probability
Probability
Samples
Samples
Random
Sample
Stratified
Sample
Cluster
Sample
Systemat
ic
Sample

Non-Probability
Non-Probability
Samples
Samples
Easiest

Know & Equal

Chance
Random Samples
From Groups
Everyone in a
Random Group
Skip Interval
on a list

Convenience
Sample

Researchers
Judgment

Judgment
Sample

Fixed Number
in Categories

Quota
Sample

Respondent
Suggests Others

Snowball
Sample

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Subjects of the sample are chosen based on
known probabilities.
Probability Samples

Simple
Random

Systematic

Stratified

Cluster

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLES

Every individual or item from the frame has

an equal chance of being selected

Selection may be with replacement or without

replacement

Samples obtained from table of random

numbers or computer random number
generators

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLES
Decide

on sample size: n

Divide

frame of N individuals into groups of k

individuals: k=N/n

Randomly

select one individual from the 1st

group
Select

every k-th individual thereafter

N = 64
n=8

First Group

k=8
5

STRATIFIED SAMPLES
Population

divided into two or more groups

according to some common characteristic

Simple

random sample selected from each

group
The

two or more samples are combined into

one

CLUSTER SAMPLES

Population divided into several clusters,

each representative of the population

Simple random sample selected from each

The samples are combined into one

Population
divided
into 4
clusters.
7

Why Study Sampling

Distributions

Sample statistics are used to estimate population

parameters
e.g.: X 50 estimates the population mean
Problems: Different samples provide different
estimates

Large samples give better estimates; large sample costs

more
How good is the estimate?

Approach to solution: Theoretical basis is sampling

distribution
8

Developing Sampling
Distributions

Assume there is a population

Population size N=4

Random variable, X,
is age of individuals

Values of X: 18, 20,

22, 24 measured in
years

Developing Sampling
Distributions
Summary Measures for the Population
Distribution

P(X)

X
i 1

.3

N
18 20 22 24

21
4
N

X
i 1

(continued
)

2.236

.2
.1
0

(18)

(20)

(22)

(24)

Uniform
Distribution
10

Developing Sampling
Distributions
1st
Obs

(continued
)

All Possible Samples of Size

2nd Observationn=2
18

20

22

24

18 18,18 18,20 18,22 18,24

20 20,18 20,20 20,22 20,24
22 22,18 22,20 22,22 22,24
24 24,18 24,20 24,22 24,24

16 Samples Taken
with Replacement

16 Sample
Means
1st
2nd Observation
Obs 18

20

22

24

18 18 19 20 21
20 19 20 21 22
22 20 21 22 23
24 21 22 23 24
11

Developing Sampling
Distributions
(continued)

Sampling Distribution of All Sample Means

16 Sample
Means
1st 2nd Observation
Obs 18 20

22

24

18 18 19 20 21

P(X)
.3

20 19 20 21 22

.2

22 20 21 22 23

.1

24 21 22 23 24

18 19

Sample
Means
Distribution

20 21 22 23

24

X
12

Developing Sampling
Distributions
(continued)

Summary Measures of Sampling Distribution

N

X
i 1

18 19 19 L 24

21
16

X
i 1

18 21

19 21 L 24 21
1.58
16
2

13

COMPARING THE POPULATION WITH ITS

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Population
N=4

21

2.236

_X

P(X)
.3

P(X)
.3

.2

.2

.1

.1

(18)

(20)

(22)

D X

Sample Means
Distribution
21n =2 1.58

18 19

20 21 22 23

24

(24)
14

Properties of Summary
Measures

e.g.: X Is unbiased

Standard error (standard deviation) of the

sampling distribution
X is less than the
standard error of other unbiased

estimators

For sampling with

replacement:

As n increases,

decreases

15

UNBIASEDNESS
P(X)
Unbiased

Biased

X
16

LESS VARIABILITY
P(X)

Sampling
Distribution
of Median

Sampling
Distribution of
Mean

X
17

Effect of Large Sample

Larger
sample size

P(X)
Smaller
sample size

18

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

As
Sample
Size
Gets
Large
Enough

Sampling
Distributi
on
Becomes
Almost
Normal
Regardles
s of
Shape of
Populatio X
n
19

How Large is Large

Enough?

For most distributions, n>30

For fairly symmetric distributions, n>15

For normal distribution, the sampling

distribution of the mean is always
normally distributed

20