DRAINAGE

Outline

I. Introduction
II. Classification of Drainage System
III. Drawings
IV. Upgrading of Drainage Design
V. Drainage Design
VI. Sample Problem
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I. INTRODUCTION

Water is often the cause of highway destruction.

Highway drainages prime objective is to maintain
all parts of it in an excellent drainage condition.
Another objective of highway drainage is to
prevent traffic congestion and slip accidents
caused by the flooding of water on road surface.

DRAINAGE

A good drainage system refers to collection,

conveyance, removal and disposal of water running
the surface, the water coming as precipitation in the
form of rainwater.

II. CLASSIFICATION OF DRAINAGE

SYSTEM
A. Surface Drainage
Drainage of surface water produced by rainfall on
roadway and from areas other than the right of way.
B. Subsurface Drainage
Intends to reduce groundwater level .
It should be installed under the shoulder of the cut
section to prevent the seepage water from penetrating into
the subgrade and/or to lower the water table, in principle
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A. TYPES OF SURFACE DRAINAGE

1. Road Surface Drainage System
a. Shoulder Drainage System
Installed to collect and drain the rainwater falling
on the surface of the road. The system consists of
the flow cross section composed of the shoulder
width and outfall curb or
side ditches place
along the longitudinal edge of the shoulder .
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b. Shoulder Drainage for Embankment Section

Vertical ditches should be installed at:

Where the run-off volume on the shoulder or in the

shoulder side ditch is equal to the allowable
capacities of those facilities.
Where the longitudinal gradient of the shoulder or
the shoulder side ditch is a sag
At the approaching point to or the leaving point from
a bridge
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DRAINAGE DESIGN

c. Shoulder Drainage for Cut Section

To drain water running on the shoulder in cut section,
catch basin should be installed at:

where the run-off volume on the shoulder is

equal to allowable capacities of the shoulder
At the connection with vertical drainage system
for cut slopes and longitudinal pipes
Where transverse or longitudinal underground
drainage pipes change their cross-sectional area
Where the longitudinal gradient of shoulder is a
sag point

d. Median Strip Drainage System

They are installed to collect and remove water at the
median strip side, the water falling into the median
strip and in curved sections, the water coming from the
road surface

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2. Slope Surface Drainage System

Installed at the shoulders and toes of the slope to prevent
erosion and scouring at the slope by surface water seepage
a. Slope shoulder drainage
Water collected at the cut slope at the shoulder and

berms should be drained by vertical ditches installed

along the outside of the slope

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b.

Slope toe drainage

It is generally dealt with the shoulder drainage of

the roadway and should be installed where
seepage water from the slope is abundant or
where there exists a long slope covered with
shotcrete and without berms

c. Vertical drainage system

It is installed to drain water in ditches at the
slope shoulder and berm. The system mainly
consists of ditches installed along the slope.
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d. Slope berm drainage system

It is installed to prevent water running on slope

and seepage water from eroding slope or from
fracturing the surface layer of the slope.
The berm drainage system should be installed on
every berm as the standard
This is not necessarily applied where there is little
danger of erosion of slope.
At a berm where ditches are not installed, the berm
should be constructed to have a strip gradient at
about 5% towards the toe of the slope.
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B. TYPES OF UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE

1. Underground Drainage System for Cut Section
This is installed at the shoulder of the cut section to
prevent underground water from entering the
subgrade and to lower the underground water table

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2. Underground Drainage System for Embankment

Section
It should be designed in relation to the embankment
and slopes, in compression/ settlement of
embankment
3. Underground Drainage System for Median Strip
It is installed to remove water penetrated into the
median strip if the surface of the median strip is
covered with impervious material.
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4. Underground Drainage System for Transition

It is installed to drain seepage water entering the
transition from embankment to cut or vice versa

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Drawings:

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Upgrade on DGCS

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 Changes in coefficients. Ex. Lined smooth

concrete before was 0.012 now its 0.014
Pipe network required. It is a detailed and careful
scrutiny of fluid flow thru hydraulic network
containing interconnected branches and loops. To
determine the flow rates and pressure drops
Design analysis for inlet spacing required

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Drainage Design

Hydrology Analysis Requirements

Hydraulic Design Requirements

Procedures for Selection of Culvert

Size

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V. Drainage Design
Planning and design of drainage facilities
should always be preceded by accurate field
surveys. A field survey should be conducted
to have a clearer picture of the topographical
features of the project area than what could
be supplied by pertinent topographic maps.
When the survey is intended for the slope or
subsurface drainage , special attention should
be given to landslides, slope failure, erosion,
ground cover, etc..

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Hydrology Analysis
Requirements
Determination of drainage areas by topographic maps or
aerial photographs; (A)
Run-off coefficient according to the surface condition,
slope, soil nature and rainfall duration in the drainage area;
(c )
Rainfall intensity derived from the maximum rainfall for the
design storm frequency and the time of concentration; (I)
Time of concentration required for run-off from the
remotest point of the drainage or catchment area to arrive
at the outlet point; (t)
Determination of design run-off normally adopts the
Rational Method:
Q = 0.278 CIA
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Sample Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency

Equations

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Hydraulic Design
Requirements

Design discharge Q (in cu.m./sec)

Approximate length of culvert (in meter)
Slope of culvert (in %)
Allowable headwater depth (in meter), which is the vertical
distance from the culvert elevation (flow line) at the entrance
to the surface elevation permissible in the headwater pool or
approach channel upstream from the culvert
Mean and maximum flood velocities in natural stream and
allowable outlet velocities if scour is a problem
Type of culvert selected including barrel material, cross
sectional shape and entrance type.

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Mannings Roughness
coefficient

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References:
DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and
Standards Vol II. (Red Book)
Design Guidelines Final Draft prepared by
CARDNO

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Sample
Problem
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WORKSHOP
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