Aluminium
General Characteristics of Aluminium
Is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic
number 13. It is a silvery white, soft, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third
most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant
metal in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earths
solid surface. Aluminium metal is so chemically
reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing
environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.
.[11] The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite
Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low density and for its ability to
resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural
components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace
industry and are important in other areas of transportation and
structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a
.weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates [12]
Copper
:General Characteristics of Copper
Copper has chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic
.number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity
Pure copper is soft and malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange
color. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a
constituent of various metal alloys. The metal and its alloys have been used for
thousands of years. In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus,
hence the origin of the name of the metal as yprium (metal of Cyprus), later
.shortened to uprum
Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart
blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite and turquoise and have been widely
used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give
green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself
and as part of pigments. Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary
mineral because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome
c oxidase. In molluscs and crustacea copper is a constituent of the blood pigment
hemocyanin, which is replaced by the iron-complexed hemoglobin in fish and other
vertebrates. The main areas where copper is found in humans are
liver, muscle and bone[51] . Copper compounds are used as bacteriostatic
.substances, fungicides, and wood preservatives
Corrosion
has 2 senses: CORROSION
a state of deterioration in metals caused by -1 .
oxidation or chemical action
erosion by chemical action -2 .
The breaking down or destruction of a material,
especially a metal, through chemical reactions.
The most common form of corrosion is rusting,
which occurs when iron combines with oxygen
. and water
.2 Localized Corrosion
Unlike general attack corrosion, localized corrosion specifically
targets one area of the metal structure. Localized corrosion is
classified as one of three types:
Pitting: Pitting results when a small hole, or cavity, forms in the
metal, usually as a result of de-passivation of a small area. This
area becomes anodic, while part of the remaining metal
becomes cathodic, producing a localized galvanic reaction. The
deterioration of this small area penetrates the metal and can
lead to failure. This form of corrosion is often difficult to detect
due to the fact that it is usually relatively small and may be
covered and hidden by corrosion-produced compounds
. 3 Galvanic Corrosion:
Galvanic corrosion, or dissimiliar metal
corrosion, occurs when two different metals are
located together in a corrosive electrolyte. A
galvanic couple forms between the two metals,
where one metal becomes the anode and the
other the cathode. The anode, or sacrificial
metal, corrodes and deteriorates faster than it
would alone, while the cathode deteriorates
more slowly than it would otherwise.
Three conditions must exist for galvanic
corrosion to occur:
. 4 Environmental Cracking:
Environmental cracking is a corrosion process that
can result from a combination of environmental
conditions affecting the metal. Chemical, temperature
and stress-related conditions can result in the
following types of environmental corrosion:
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
Corrosion fatigue
Hydrogen-induced cracking
Liquid metal embrittlement
. 7 Intergranular corrosion
Intergranular corrosion is a chemical or
electrochemical attack on the grain
boundaries of a metal. This often occurs due
to impurities in the metal, which tend to be
present in higher contents near grain
boundaries. These boundaries can be more
vulnerable to corrosion than the bulk of the
metal.
. 8 De-Alloying:
De-alloying, or selective leaching, is the
selective corrosion of a specific element in
an alloy. The most common type of dealloying is de-zincification of unstabilized
brass. The result of corrosion in such
cases is a deteriorated and porous copper
. 9 Fretting corrosion:
Fretting corrosion occurs as a result of
repeated wearing, weight and/or vibration
on an uneven, rough surface. Corrosion,
resulting in pits and grooves, occurs on the
surface. Fretting corrosion is often found in
rotation and impact machinery, bolted
assemblies and bearings, as well as to
surfaces exposed to vibration during
transportation
. 10 High-Temperature Corrosion:
Fuels used in gas turbines, diesel engines and
other machinery, which contain vanadium or
sulfates can, during combustion, form
compounds with a low melting point. These
compounds are very corrosive towards metal
alloys normally resistant to high temperatures
and corrosion, including stainless steel.
High temperature corrosion can also be caused
by high temperature oxidization, sulfidation and
carbonization.
Definition of Corrosion- 1.1
Corrosion may be defined as a destructive phenomena, chemical or
electrochemical, which can attack any metal or alloy through
reaction by the surrounding environment and in extreme cases may
cause structural failure. Corrosion can be also defined as the
deterioration of material by reaction to its environment. The
corrosion occurs because of the natural tendency for most metals to
return to their natural state; e.g., iron in the presence of moist air will
revert to its natural state, iron oxide. Metals can be corroded by the
direct reaction of the metal to a chemical; e.g., zinc will react with
. dilute sulfuric acid, and magnesium will react with alcohols
Types of Corrosion
Crevice corrosion-4
Local corrosion in connection with crevices occurring in or
immediately adjacent
to the crevice area, which has developed between the metal surface
and
.another surface (metal or nonmetal)
Contact corrosion (aka dissimilar metal corrosion)- 5
Occurs at contact surfaces of different metals; the acceleratedly
corroding metal
.area is the anode of the corrosion element
Intergranular corrosion- 6
.Corrosion in or adjacent to the grain boundaries of a metal
The standard mentioned above describes altogether 37 types of
corrosion. These
.types of corrosion result in corrosion phenomena
Experimental part
Casting materials
Different samples of AL-Cu Alloys,were used in
this work.The base material used throughout this
work was the commercial pure Aluminum of
99.9%wt Al,pure copper with 99,9% purity was
used as an alloying element, which have melting
point temperature (1083C) and density of
(8.2g/cm^2) at (20C) six alloys with different
weight percentage copper were prepared,
.i.e.1,2,3,4.5 and 6%wt Cu
Corrosion media
After prepare the specimens marked to
recognize one from another with putting
cables with different colors
To media used to corrosion test in this
work
Acidic media : sex sample with different- 1
percentages of copper were imerrsion in
(H2SO4) media with PH=2 by dilute it with
distilled water
PROCEDURE OF CORROSION
TEST
A- specification of the device parts the
following device which is shown below
was used to test the corrosion rate of the
samples which were used in this work
Current
time
Voltage
Current
time
2
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.5
0.35
0.35
0.4
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.4
0.35
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
0.4
0.35
0.45
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.5
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.35
0.35
0.4
0.35
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
the specimens(3-4)
Voltage
Current
time
Voltage
Current
time
4
0.35
0.3
0.3
0.35
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
0.35
0.3
0.35
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.4
0.3
0.35
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
the specimens(5-6)
Voltage
Current
time
Voltage
Current
time
6
0.4
0.35
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.45
0.45
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
voltage
Current
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.45
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
time
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
voltage
Current
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.35
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
time
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
voltage
Current
0.3
0.3
0.35
0.3
0.3
0.35
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
time
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
voltage
Current
0.35
0.35
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
time
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
voltage
Current
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.45
0.35
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
time
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
voltage
Current
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
time
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2
min 2