E1 T1 Carrier

CONSYL
Digital Carrier Systems
Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University
204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks
4/11/40 page 1
CONSYL
Digital carrier standard

T-carrier
North America, Japan
E-carrier
Europe, Mexico, South America
4/11/40 page 2
CONSYL
T1 carrier system
PCM
PCM
PCM
MUX
DS-1
DS-1frame
frame
DEMUX
PCM
PCM
PCM
4/11/40 page 3
CONSYL
DS-1 frame
each channel also refers as DS0
125 s
channel
channel channel
channel
#1
#2
#1
#2
8 bit
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
channel
channel
#24
#24
frame
bit
193 bits
data rate = (24x8 +1 bit)/125 s = 1.544 Mbps
4/11/40 page 4
CONSYL
T - carrier
DSI
Two DS1C channels are

multiplexed into a single 6.312
Mbps DS2 channel
DS2
DS3
DS2
DS3
DS2
Two 1.544 Mbps DS1 channels are

Mbps DS1C channel
DSI
DSIC
DSIC
DS2
DS3
DS3
DS2
DS2
DS3
DS2
DS3
Seven DS2
channels
are
multiplexed
into a
single
44.736
Mbps DS3
channel
Six DS3 channels are

multiplexed into a single
274.176 Mbps DS4 channel
DS4
4/11/40 page 5
CONSYL
E1-frame
125 s = 32 time slots = 2.048 Mbps
00 11 22
16
16
frame synchronization
31
31
signaling channel
30 voice channel+2 control

channel
4/11/40 page 6
CONSYL
E - carrier
Thirty 64 kbps channels
are multiplexed to create
one 2.048 Mbps E1
channel
E1
E1
E2
Four E2 channels are

34.368 Mbps E3 channel
E3
E2
E3
E4
E1
E2
E2
E3
E4

565.148 Mbps E5 channel
E1

Mbps E2 channel
E3
E4
E4
Four E3 channels
are multiplexed
into a single
139.264 Mbps E4
channel
E5
4/11/40 page 7
CONSYL
Digital carrier comparison

Europ
e
x31
x 4 E5
E1 x 4 E2 x 4 E3 x 4 E4
2.048
8.448
34.368
139.264
564.992
2.048
8.448
34.368
139.264
564.992
x24
x 4 T2
x 7 T3
x 6 T4
T1
1.544
6.312
44.736
274.176
1.544
6.312
44.736
274.176
64
64
x24
USA
x 4 J2
x 5 J3
x 3 J4
x 4 J5
J1
1.544
6.312
32.064
97.728
397.200
1.544
6.312
32.064
97.728
397.200
Japan
4/11/40 page 8
CONSYL
PDH
Digital tramsmission systems (T-carrier, E carrier)

combine lower order multiplex stream to get higher
bit rate
Different streams have small differences in clock
signals.
Solve by adding justification bit
PDH = Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy
almost synchronous
4/11/40 page 9
CONSYL
PDH deficiencies (I)
Lack of flexibility
impossible to identify a lower bit rate channel from the higher-order

bit stream.
Extraction of 2 Mbps channel from 140 Mbps channel
140 M
LTE
34 Mbps
140
140
34
34
140 M
LTE
8 Mbps
34
34
8
demux the high bit

rate down to the lower level
2 Mbps
8
8
2
remux back into higher

level for onward transmission
Customer site
4/11/40 page 11
CONSYL
PDH deficiencies (II)
Lack of performance
No standard for monitoring the performance of traffic channel

No management channel
4/11/40 page 12
CONSYL
PDH deficiencies (III)
Lack of id-Fibre meet
undefined interface specification on the line side of a line

transmission
PDH
SDH
LTE
G.703
interface
non standard
line code and
optical levels
standard Network
Node Interface (NNI)
functional integration
of MUX and LTE
4/11/40 page 13
CONSYL
SDH & SONET
What is SDH/SONET ?
SONET = Synchronous Optical Network
Standard interface developed for using in the public network

multiplexing standard for optical fiber transmission
refers to the system used within the U.S. and Canada
SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
international community term (ITU-T recommendtions)
4/11/40 page 14
CONSYL
SDH goals
Goals
make it possible for different carrier to interwork

unify the U.S., European and Japanese digital system
Provide a way to multiplex multiple digital signal togethers
provide support for operations, administration, and maintenace
Characteristics
use single master clock to synchronize

Bit stream can be a added or extracted directly
Basic transmission rate = 155.52 Mbps
4/11/40 page 15
CONSYL
Signaling rates
SONET
STS-1/OC-1
STS-3/OC-3
STS-9/OC-9
STS-12/OC-12
STS-18/OC-18
STS-24/OC-24
STS-36/OC-36
STS-48/OC-48
SDH
Bit rate (Mbps)
STM-1
STM-3
STM-4
STM-6
STM-8
STM-12
STM-16
51.84
155.52
466.56
622.08
933.12
1244.16
1866.24
2488.32
STS = Synchronous Transport Signal

OC = Optical Carrier
STM = Synchronous Transport Module
4/11/40 page 16
CONSYL
Synchronous Container
PDH signal
bps
M
1.5
s
M bp
bp
M
6
container
1.5 Mbps
2 Mbps
6 Mbps
virtual
container
1.5 Mbps
2 Mbps
6 Mbps
Path overhead for

monitoring purpose
Each PDH stream is carried

in an appropiate container
4/11/40 page 17
CONSYL
Syncronization techniques
sample frame
phase offset in byte
pointer
data #1
POH #1
frame #1
frame #2
pointer
data #2
POH #2
data #1
data #1
directly access signal

signal using pointer
data #1
data begins anywhere

in frame
data #2
4/11/40 page 18
CONSYL
SONET System
consists of switches, mux and repeaters

mux
repeaters
section
mux
section
repeaters
section
mux
section
line
line
path
4/11/40 page 19
CONSYL
SONET Basic Frame structure

1 frame = 810 bytes in 125 s
STS-1/OC1
row/column mapping
87 bytes
Overhead :
SOH
for system management

information
Payload
6 bytes
9 bytes
3 bytes
3 bytes
LOH
SOH = Section Overhead

LOH = Line Overhead
TOH = Transport Overhead
Payload :
user data
TOH
4/11/40 page 20
CONSYL
SDH Basic Frame structure

1
1 frame = 2430 bytes in 125 s

3
4
5
6
7
row/column mapping
Overhead :
SOH
LOH
STM-1
261 bytes
for system management
information (OAM)
Payload
6 bytes
9 bytes
3 bytes
9 bytes
SOH = Section Overhead

LOH = Line Overhead
TOH = Transport Overhead
Payload :
user data
TOH
4/11/40 page 21
CONSYL
STM-1 Frame
9 bytes
261 bytes
SOH
LOH
SOH
frame #2
Payload #1
Payload #2
Payload #1
Payload #1
Payload #1
pointer
LOH
POH #1
pointer
POH #2
frame #1
Payload #2
4/11/40 page 22
CONSYL
SOH, LOH and POH

transport
overhead
section
overhead
line
overhead
A1
B1
D1
H1
B2
D4
D7
D10
Z1
A2
E1
D2
H2
K1
D5
D8
D11
Z2
STS-1
information payload
C1
F1
D3
H3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
3 columns
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
9 rows
87 columns
path
overhead
4/11/40 page 23
CONSYL
SDH mux scheme

STM-1
PDH
Tributaries
x1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
140 Mbps
x3
x3
TU-3
TUG-3
VC-3
x7
AU-3
VC-3
x7
45
34
Mbps
Mbps
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
6 Mbps
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2 Mbps
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
1.5 Mbps
x3
SONET-specific
Europe-specific
Universal
C-3
x4
4/11/40 page 24
CONSYL
SDH Elements
TributaryUnit
Unit
Tributary
Containers
path overhead
Virtual Containers
TributaryUnit
UnitGroup
Group
Tributary
pointer
Tributary Unit
AdministrativeUnit
Unit
Administrative
Administrative Unit Group
section overhead
STM-1
4/11/40 page 25
CONSYL
Containers mapping
sample C2 mapping
containers
C-11
C-12
C-2
C-3
C-4
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
#bytes
25
34
106
672
2340
fixed stuff
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
signaling
fixed stuff
alignment
C-12
E1
capacity
1.600
2.176
6.784
48.384
149.760
4/11/40 page 26
CONSYL
Containers, VC & TU
C-12
3 bytes
4 bytes
C-2
9 bytes
C-11
VC-11
VC-12
12 bytes
VC-2
plus POH
TU-11
TU-12
TU-2
plus pointer
4/11/40 page 27
CONSYL
TU-X format
3 columns
125 s
TU-11
1 2
1 2 3
9 rows
27 bytes
27
1728 kbps
27
125 s
TU-12
1 2
9 rows
36 bytes
4 columns
36
1 2 3 4
2304 kbps
3
6
12 columns
125 s
TU-2
1 2
108
1 2 3
9 rows
108 bytes
6912 kbps
108
4/11/40 page 28
CONSYL
TUG-2 to VC-3
4xTU-11
3xTU-12
1xTU-2
9 bytes
TUG-2 may be
4xTU-11
3xTU-12
1xTU-2
12 bytes
12 bytes
12 bytes
9 bytes
12 bytes
TUG-2
7xTUG2
9 bytes
VC-3
total 85 columns
84
POH
4/11/40 page 29
CONSYL
AU-3 to AUG
1
30
59
87
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
1
J1
B3
H1 H2 H3 C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
30
59
87
59
87
J1
B3
H1 H2 H3 C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
AB C AB C AB C A B C AB C
30
59
87
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
30
30
59
87
1
J1
B3
H1 H2 H3 C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
VC-3 plus
2 column
fixed stuff
30
59
87
AU-3
C
AB C
3xAU-3 to AUG
4/11/40 page 30
CONSYL
TUG-3 to VC-4
VC-3
9
TU-3
TUG-3
86
justification
bytes
TU-3
PTR
C-3
85
3xTUG-3
fixed stuff
VC-4
P
O
H
total 260 columns
4/11/40 page 31
CONSYL
High order mux

STM-1 #1
MUX
Nx9
STM-1 #N
STM-1 #2
stream
byte interleave
Nx261
4/11/40 page 32
CONSYL
1xOC3 and 3xoC1
OC3 = 3xOC1
OC3c = 1X155.52Mbps carriers
a 155.52 Mbps carriers consisting of 3 separated OC3 carriers

a data stream from single source of 155.52 Mbps
Higher-order frames also exist (e.g. OC12c).

The amount of actual user data in an OC3c stream
is slighly higher thanin an OC-3 stream!
4/11/40 page 33

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CONSYL

Digital Carrier Systems

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Digital carrier standard

North America, Japan

Europe, Mexico, South America

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

data rate = (24x8 +1 bit)/125 s = 1.544 Mbps

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Two DS1C channels are

Two 1.544 Mbps DS1 channels are

Six DS3 channels are

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

30 voice channel+2 control

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Four E2 channels are

Four E4 channels are

Four E1 channels are

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Digital carrier comparison

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Digital tramsmission systems (T-carrier, E carrier)

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

PDH deficiencies (I)

impossible to identify a lower bit rate channel from the higher-order

demux the high bit

remux back into higher

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

PDH deficiencies (II)

No standard for monitoring the performance of traffic channel

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

PDH deficiencies (III)

Lack of id-Fibre meet

undefined interface specification on the line side of a line

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

SDH & SONET

SONET = Synchronous Optical Network

Standard interface developed for using in the public network

SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

international community term (ITU-T recommendtions)

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

make it possible for different carrier to interwork

use single master clock to synchronize

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Bit rate (Mbps)

STS = Synchronous Transport Signal

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Path overhead for

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University

Each PDH stream is carried

204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University