3G Network Planning: 2 Day Customer Training Course Nokia Networks Professional Services

3G Network Planning
Overview
2 day Customer Training Course
Nokia Networks
Professional Services
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Contents
3G Network Planning
3G Network Planning Areas
3G Network Evolution towards All-IP
Radio Network Planning
WCDMA Air-interface
Radio Resource Management Overview
Radio Network Planning Process
Radio Network Optimisation Process & Tools
Transmission Network Planning
Packet technologies and protocols

Transmission Planning Process
Transmission Equipment, Synchronisation & O&M Issues
Core Network Planning
Circuit Core Network Planning process

Detailed Circuit Core Network Planning
Packet Core Network Dimensioning
Detailed Packet Core Network Planning
NOKIA
3G Network Planning Areas

3G Network Planning could be divided to
Access Transmission Planning
CS core Network Planning
PS Core Network Planning
MGW
3GMSC
RNC
Iu-cs
Node B
Radio Planning
3G-SGSN
Iub,Iur
Iu-ps
PS Domain
Gn Inter-PLMN
3G-GGSN
Transmission Planning
Core Planning
Backbone
Network
Gn
Data Network
(Internet)
3
NOKIA
IP
Firewall
3G Radio Network Planning

Dimensioning
Coverage & Capacity
Planning
Coverage & Capacity
Improvement
Optimisation
service quality
Optimization
and Tailoring
cell coverage
4
NOKIA
cell capacity
Access Transmission Network

Planning
RNC
BTS
ATM
Module
IuCS
Iub
MSC
PSTN
Network
Uu
HLR/AuC
EIR
Iu-PS
RNC
Iur
SS7
Network
IuCS
Iub
BTS
Iu-PS
Billing System
SGSN
CG
Corporate
GPRS/3G
backbone
network
Router
Server
Other
PLMN
NOKIA
BG
GGSN
LIG
Internet
Firewall
3G Core Network Planning

Circuit Switched Core
TRS Access
Iu-CS
Gd
Iu-PS
Ga
Packet Switched Core

6
NOKIA
3G Packet Core Network Planning

Equipment Dimensioning
& Pre-planning
Nokia 3G-SGSN
Detailed Core Network

Architecture Planning
MPC External Network

Connectivity Planning
Network
Planning
Border
Gateway
Switch
FW
Security
DNS
GGSN
Nokia IP650 Firewall Router
Router/
Switch
Nokia DNS
NOKIA
BG
Operator
3G
backbone
Optimisation
3G-SGSN
SGSN
Cisco 7600 OSR
Cisco 12000
Cisco MGX 8850
Nokia GGSN
3G Circuit Core Network Planning

3GPP rel.99
Circuit Core network planning for 3GPP rel.99

compliant Nokia network consists of:
Traditional NSS network planning (MSC/HLR)

RNC300 RNC301
MGW rel.99 planning
RNC
BSC
MGW
BSC300
BSC
BSC101
MSC
A-if
MSC3
BSC
BSC100
BSC200
RNC
MGW
MSC
MSC
MGW
RNC
RNC100
MGW10
MSC1
MSC2
MGW20
RNC200
RNC
MGW
RNC101
MGW11
RNC
Iu-cs if
NOKIA
MGW300
BSC
RNC102
RNC
A'-if
3G Circuit Core Network Planning
3GPP rel.4
3GPP rel.4 Circuit Core network planning consists of:
HLR
Planning MGW rel.4 network

Planning MSC Server network
Services
H.248
H.248for
for
MGW
MGW
control
control
RANAP
RANAPor
or
BSSAP
BSSAP
towards
towardsradio
radio
network
network
Iu-CS
MSC
Server
BSSAP
RNC
AAL2
ATM
NOKIA
MSC
Server
Mc
H.248
IP
AAL2/AAL5
ATM Nb
MGW
A
TDM
BSC
9
BICC, SIP
ATM/IP
Nc
H.248
IP
Mc
RANAP
AAL5/ATM
BICC
BICCor
orSIP
SIP
for
signalling
for signalling
CAP
MAP
RTP
IP
SS7
TDM
MGW
User
Userdata
data
over
overATM
ATMor
or
IP
IP
PSTN
3G Network Evolution Towards

All-IP
10
NOKIA
RAN architecture today

Standard
air interface
GSM/EDGE
BTS
GSM/EDG
E
WCDMA
Standard
interfaces
to core NW
RAN
WCDMA
BTS
Base
Station
Controller
Radio
Network
Controller
A / Iu-cs
Gb
Iu-ps
Core
network
Strict one-to-one hierarchy between base stations and controllers

Separated subsystems for all radio access technologies
Architecture supports equally all packet traffic types
11
NOKIA
All-IP RAN architecture

Distributed
architecture
Standard
air interface
GSM/EDG
E
Control
plane
elements
Multimode
All-IP BTS
Co
ol d
ntr
WCDMA
Gateway
elements
Gb
Iu-ps
Most of controller
functionality
shifted to BTS
Multiradio
Multiradio
architecture
architecture
NOKIA
A / Iu-cs
ata
User data
12
Standard
interfaces
to core NW
RAN
Pooled
controller and
gateway resources
Core
network
Nokia distributed All-IP RAN

architecture
Multiradio
architecture, with
multimode All-IP base
station
User plane and
control plane
separated to allow
optimised handling
Dynamic association
Upgrades to
Nokia UltraSite
and MetroSite
EDGE /
WCDMA base
stations
Common
Radio
Radio
Resource
Network
Access O&M Management
Server Server Server
between base station

and Radio Access
Servers
Transport optimised
by relocating
functionality
13
NOKIA
Nokia FlexiServer
Nokia circuitswitched gateway

Gb
Radio interface
performance critical
functions located in
the base station
A & Iu-cs
IP / ATM / MPLS transport
Multimode
All-IP base station
Iu-ps
Nokia radio
network gateway
All-IP RAN is a parallel evolution

to Nokia BSS/RAN
Development of existing RAN and BSS architecture will continue
Together with All-IP RAN, several evolution options will be available
for any business case
Best BSS and RAN solutions for markets with high share of circuit-switched traffic
Flexible evolution to All-IP for markets with high packet-switched data growth
All-IP RAN
releases
WCDMA RAN releases
14
NOKIA
Multiradio
RAN
Single network
GSM/EDGE BSS releases
Network evolution Roadmap

towards All-IP
Integrated IP
transport
from BSC to
SGSN
Rollout of
packet backbone
network
Radio access
evolution
Rollout of
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
2001
2002
Core network
evolution
Rollout of
3G
packet core
NOKIA
Integrated IP
transport from
RNC to 3G
packet core
2003
Optional
First
MSC upgrade to
All-IP Core
MSC Servers
release
Integrated
IP transport
between MSCs
15

with Multimode IP BTS (WCDMA)
and Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS

with support for EDGE
2004
Mass market
IP multimedia
services
3GPP R5
compliant
All-IP Core
3G Radio Network
Planning
PART of 3GNPLOVE
Nokia Networks
Professional Services
16
NOKIA
Contents
What is new in WCDMA
WCDMA Air-interface
System Dimensioning
Coverage & Capacity Planning
Coverage & Capacity Improvement
Radio Network Optimisation
Process & Tools
17
NOKIA
Whats New in WCDMA?

Characteristic to WCDMA
RAKE receiver takes advantage of multipath propagation

Fast power control keeps system stable by using minimum power
necessary for links
Soft handover ensures smooth handovers, reduced probability of

dropped calls Environment
Multiservice
Air Interface
Data speed
In RAN1 bit rate varies from 8 kbps up
Capacity and
coverage coupled cell breathing
to 384 kbps
Variable bit rate also available

Bit rate gradually grows up to 2 Mbps
Neighbor cells
coupled via
interference
Service delivery type

Real-time (RT) & non real-time (NRT)
Quality classes for user to choose

Different error rates and delays
18
Traffic asymmetric in uplink &

downlink
Common channel data traffic

NOKIA
Inter-system
handovers
Soft handover
Fast power control
Interference limited
system (e.g. GSM
frequency limited)
Contents
WCDMA Air-interface
System Dimensioning
Process & Tools
19
NOKIA
Differences Between WCDMA and

GSM
High bit rates
Spectral
efficiency
Different quality
requirements
Efficient
packet data
Downlink
capacity
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NOKIA
GSM system is TDMA based

BTS
BTS
f1
f2
Typical GSM
Frequency
Usage
Pattern
f2
f1
f1
f3
f2
f1
f3
f2
f1
f3
f2
f1
f3
200 kHz
M M M M
S S S S
1 2 3 4
Users divide the common

frequency by time slots
f2
f1
f1
Time
MS = Mobile Station
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NOKIA
UMTS system is CDMA based

BS
BS
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
f1
CDMA
Frequency
Usage
Pattern
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
NOKIA
f1
f1
f1
22
FDD = Frequencydivision duplex

Uplink and Downlink
operate in separated
frequency bands
f1
f1
5 MHz
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
TDD = Time-division
duplex
Uplink (UL) and
downlink (DL) use the
same frequency band,
which is time-shared
by the UL and DL
All users share the same
frequency/time domain
Time
WCDMA Key Benefits

Soft Handover
Call is connected before handoff is completed, reducing the

probability of a dropped call
Processing Gain
basic CDMA benefit => the wider is the transmitted bandwidth

compared to the user datarate the less power is needed for
the transmission
Advanced Radio Resource Management (RRM)
RRM will control call admission and packet scheduling and all
RRM building blocks are closely related to each other
Multipath Signal Processing
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NOKIA
Combines power for increased signal integrity => RAKE

receiver
RAKE Receiver
Multipath signals reflected from obstacles and signals
from different basestations can be combined using
RAKE receiver
RAKE receiver takes different factors (attenuation,

timing) into account and receiver fingers combine
multipath signals to one
signal
RAKE receiver
delay1
a1
delay2
a2
delay3
a3
shadowing
X
distance
attenuation
Phase adjusting
multipath
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NOKIA
Coverage & Capacity coupling
Load factor directly corresponds to the supported traffic per cell

More traffic means more interference -> cell breathing
Max. recommended load : 70 %, typically 30-50 %
50 % load means 3 dB loss in link budget
CELL BREATHING
BS
BS
higher load
service quality
25
20
Loss (dB)
Optimization
and Tailoring
15
10
5
0
cell coverage
25
NOKIA
cell capacity
0,2
0,4
0,6
Load factor
0,8
Cell Breathing in WCDMA
128 kbps
Traffic load has
direct effect on
the cell size
8 kbps
64 kbps
Low load 200 kbps

Large coverage
26
NOKIA
Radio Resource
Management
provides means
to control cell
breathing in
network
optimisation
144 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
Increased load 800 kbps

Decreased coverage
Handovers in WCDMA
Hard handover: MS handover between different frequencies or between
WCDMA and GSM
Soft handover: MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover: MS handover within one base station but between
different sectors
Soft handover keeps simultaneous connection to different base stations
thus providing a way to improve call quality during handover.
Soft handover feature has a direct impact on network capacity and
therefore is a trade-off between quality and capacity. It has also an effect
to coverage due cell breathing.
Received signal strength
Base station
BS1
diversity
BS1
Threshold
BS2
BS2
BS3
BS3
27
NOKIA
Distance from BS1
Power Control in WCDMA

Fast power control is vital for WCDMA performance. It
aims to control the transmitted power on the same
level with received power. This leads to minimised
interference and small power consumption
Power is controlled by parameters and needs to be

defined during network optimisation
MS3
MS1
MS2
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NOKIA
MS1
With Optimum
Power Control
MS2
MS3
MS4
Received power at BS
MS4
Received power at BS
Without
Power Control
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4
Effect of Tx & Rx Powers on

Interference Levels
Downlink transmission power =
Interference to the network
Uplink transmission power =

Interference to other cells
Uplink received power =

Interference to own cell users
Since every Tx and Rx power is causing interference to others,

PC is necessary to limit the interference
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NOKIA
CDMA radio access technology:

spreading/despreading
A narrowband signal is spread to a wideband signal
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal
Processing
Processinggain
gain==
W/R,
W/R,
typically
typicallyatatleast
least100
100
Spread wideband signal

Frequency
R
W
WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier
30
NOKIA
TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers
Spreading/Despreading
The user signal spreading (modulation) is done with spreading sequences
(codes) having much higher bandwidth than the user signal (processing gain
= W/R, where R = data rate, W = spread bandwidth)
Codes are unique for each channel
Transmitting and receiving sides have the same code with the same phase.
The code to be used is determined by the transmitting side and the receiving
side acquires the code from the transmitted signal (code acquisition)
Spread signal
input narrowband
signal
(unspread)
Spreading
Receiver
Transmitter
radio path
RX
spreading
code
generator
TX
spreading
code
generator
synchronism required
31
NOKIA
Despreading
output
signal
(detected)
Processing Gain
Voice user (12,2 kbit/s)
Power density (W/Hz)
Unspread narrowband
signal
Processing Gain
G=W/R=25 dB
Spread wideband
signal
Spreading sequences of
different length
Processing gain dependent on
user data rate
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (384 kbit/s)

Power density (W/Hz)
Unspread
"narrowband"
signal
Processing Gain
G=W/R=10 dB
Spread wideband
signal
Frequency (Hz)
32
(User data rate) x

(spreading ratio)=
const.=W=3,84 Mcps
NOKIA
Code Channels
Users are separated
by codes (code channels), not by
frequency or time
(in some capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also
different
carrier frequencies may be used).
Signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference

CDMA system is an interference limited system which
Code D
Co
de
E
Freq. 1
33
NOKIA
Co
de
BS2
Code A
averages the
BS1
interference
(ref. to GSM which is a frequency limited
B
system)
Freq. 1
de
Co
WCDMA Codes
The spreading operation in WCDMA is done in two phases, both in
uplink and downlink.
1 The first phase is done by using short codes.

The length of the short code is one symbol in chip units and the length is
thus varying according to the symbol rate.
The short codes are called spreading codes.

in downlink they orthogonalize the transmitted physical channels of one cell.
2 The second phase is done by using long codes.

The length of the long code is 36864 radio frames in uplink and one radio
frame in downlink.
The long codes are called scrambling codes.

The scrambling code of the downlink identifies the cell (sector), while in the
uplink it identifies the call.
The spreading codes and in uplink also the scrambling codes are allocated by
the system and require no actions in radio network planning. Allocating the
downlink scrambling codes of the cells, or actually the scrambling code groups
of the cells, can be part of the planning process.
34
NOKIA
Long and Short Codes
35
NOKIA
Tree of Orthogonal Short Codes in

Downlink
Hierarchical
selection
of
short
codes from a "code tree" to maintain orthogonality
Several long scrambling codes can be used within one sector to avoid shortage
of short codes
C8(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
C4(0) = [ 1 1 1 1 ]
C2(0) = [ 1 1 ]
C8(1) = [ 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ]
C8(2) = [ 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ]
C4(1) = [ 1 1 0 0 ]
C8(3) = [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1]
C1(0) = [ 1 ]
C8(4) = [ 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ]
C4(2) = [ 1 0 1 0 ]
C2(1) = [ 1 0 ]
C8(5) = [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ]
C8(6) = [ 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ]
C4(3) = [ 1 0 0 1 ]
C8(7) = [ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 ]
Spreading factor:
SF = 1
36
NOKIA
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Example of
code allocation
Physical Layer Bit Rates

(Downlink)
Half rate speech

Full rate speech
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
The number of orthogonal channelization codes = Spreading factor

The maximum throughput with 1 scrambling code ~2.5 Mbps or ~100 full rate
speech users
37
NOKIA
Contents
WCDMA Air-interface
System Dimensioning
Process & Tools
38
NOKIA
Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilization of
the air interface resources
RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance

Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)
Maintain the planned coverage for each service
Ensure planned capacity with low blocking
Optimize the use of capacity
RRM can be divided into

Power control
Handovers
Admission control
Load control (Congestion control)
Packet scheduling
MS
BS
RNC
Power Control
Power Control
Load Control
Locations of RRM algorithms

39
NOKIA
Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Packet Scheduler
WCDMA Radio Resource

Management:
Logical Model
LC
PS
RM
AC
Control
AC
Network based functions
PC
NOKIA
Load Control
LC
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource
Manager
HC
40
Admission
PC Power Control
Connection based functions
HC HO Control
Overview of RRM algorithms

Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality
by adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.
The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission powers to
achieve low interference in radio access network. The basic functions of WCDMA
power control are:
Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)

Fast closed loop power control (DCH)
Outer loop power control
Handover Control (HC) controls the active state

mobility of UE in RAN.
HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio network interference
by optimum cell selection in handovers. The Handover Control (HC) of the Radio
Access Network (RAN) supports the following handover procedures:
41
NOKIA
Intra-frequency soft/softer handover

Intra-frequency hard handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system (GSM) handover

Admission
Control (AC) decides whether a request

to establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted
in the Radio Access Network (RAN) or not.
Admission
control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic

capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is
setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all
kind of handovers.
Load
Control (LC) continuously updates the load

information of cells controlled by RNC
Load
Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radio

resource controlling purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs the
recovering actions by using the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.
42
NOKIA

Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for
NRT radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink
direction.
The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity. The
information of load caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS.

It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not in overload.
PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls both
dedicated and shared channels.
43
NOKIA
Contents
WCDMA Air-interface
System Dimensioning
Process & Tools
44
NOKIA

Process
DEFINITION
System
Dimensioning
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality and
capacity,
per service
45
NOKIA
PLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION

Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Path loss
prediction
Coverage
optimisation
Cell isolation
optimisation
O&M
Capacity
Optimisation
Network
Optimisation
Traffic distribution
Survey
measurements
Pilot Power
Soft handover
Blocking objectives
Statistical
performance
analysis
Contents
WCDMA Air-interface
System Dimensioning
Process & Tools
46
NOKIA
System Dimensioning
Dimensioning is a very
rough first estimate

for Network Elements :
number of required RAN
(BS+RNC)
number of required IP
core Network elements:

SGSN, GGSN, MSC etc.
Iub
Evolution steps for

future expansion.
Input Info
Operator specific input
info
Regulator specific input

info
Manufacturer specific
input info
47
NOKIA
Nokia
RNC
Nokia
3G
BTS
Iu
RAN part
PSTN
Iur
Iu
Nokia
3G
BTS
Nokia MSC
Nokia
RNC
Iu
Gn
Nokia
3G
SGSN
Core part
Nokia
3G
GGSN
GI
Internet
Operator Specified Input

Information
Information possibly specified by the operator:
Traffic forecast
may be total network traffic or traffic per subscriber

may specify service type
may specify user characteristics e.g. speed
Population coverage requirement
may specify areas of population to be

covered in each phase of roll-out
Location probability requirement
may specify system area

availability indoor/outdoor
Reuse of existing sites
difficult to identify new sites
Consideration must be
given to each area
type
Data Sample
Population coverage:
Voice: from 15% in 2002 to 98% in 2007
LCD64: from 10% in 2002 to 98% in 200
LCD144: from 10% in 2002 to 98% in 20
Environments:
Pedestrian, Indoor, In car
Loading: 60% Urban, 30% sub-urban/rur

48
NOKIA
Traffic Forecast
Until the first WCDMA networks generate actual traffic
distributions forecasts are based on existing mobile traffic

distribution and estimations.
Actual data traffic depends on

End user needs and behaviour
Service availability
Availability and features of terminals
Network functionality
Service pricing
Good traffic forecast is of importance throughout network

planning and optimisation.
Dimensioning calls for accurate traffic forecast

Deviations in forecast inaccuracy must be taken into account in capacity planning
(planning margins)
Optimisation improves the network performance and evens out the traffic between
base stations. However, if traffic is clearly higher than estimated it cannot be corrected
through optimisation
49
NOKIA
Contents
WCDMA Air-interface
System Dimensioning
Process & Tools
50
NOKIA
Link Budget Comparison 2G - 3G

GSM900 / GSM1800 / WCDMA / WCDMA / WCDMA / WCDMA /
speech
speech
speech
64 kbps 128 kbps 384 kbps
Mobile transmission power
33 dBm
30 dBm
21 dBm
21 dBm
21 dBm
21 dBm
Receiver sensitivity (incl Rx diversity)-110 dBm -110 dBm -126 dBm -121 dBm -118 dBm -115 dBm
Interference Margin 2G/ load 3G
1.0 dB
0.0 dB
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
Fast fading margin (incl. SHO gain 3G) 2.0 dB
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
16.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
Body loss for speech terminal
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
Mobile antenna gain
0.0 dBi
0.0 dBi
0.0 dBi
0.0 dBi
0.0 dBi
0.0 dBi
Relative gain from lower frequency

compared to UMTS frequency
10.0 dB
1.0 dB
Base station antenna gain
Maximum path loss
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NOKIA
163.0 dB 154.0 dB 158.0 dB 156.0 dB 153.0 dB 150.0 dB
Uplink Coverage of Different Bit

Rates
Continuous high bit rate
coverage in uplink is challenging
Coverage solutions are important
Suburban area with 95% outdoor location probability
52
NOKIA
Relation of Uplink and Downlink

Load
100
Downlink load is
90
always higher than

uplink load due to:
80
DL Load [%]
70
asymmetry in user
60
traffic
Increasing
asymmetry
50
40
different Eb/No values
in uplink and downlink
30
orthogonality in
20
downlink
10
0
0
10
20
30
UL Load [%]
53
NOKIA
40
50
overhead due to softhandover
Typical Pathlosses for different

Bearer Services
Low Data Scenario
Low Asymmetry
Scenario
165,00
Pathloss [dB]
better coverage
160,00
Speech 12,2k UL Pathloss

RT Data 14k UL Pathloss
RT Data 64k UL Pathloss
NRT Data 144k UL Pathloss
NRT Data 384k UL Pathloss
DL Pathloss
155,00
150,00
Coverage is
uplink limited
145,00
Capacity is
downlink limited
140,00
0
10
20
30
40
UL Load
54
NOKIA
50
60
70
80
64 kbit/s Coverage / Capacity in

Macrocells
Max. path loss [dB]
180
WCDMA downlink 20W
175
DL load
curve
170
165
WCDMA uplink (with Rx div)
UL load
curve
160
155
150
55
NOKIA
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001100 1200
Load [kbps]
64 kbit/s Coverage / Capacity in

Macrocells
Max. path loss [dB]
180
175
170
WCDMA downlink 20W
165
160
WCDMA
uplink
155
150
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001100 1200
Limit is UL
coverage
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NOKIA
Limit is DL
capacity
Load [kbps]
Typical Capacity of WCDMA
- 1x3 configuration, 50% uplink load

Soft Capacity
800kbps Air Interface (L1) rate
Capacity per cell per

carrier
50
Erlang
Voice
traffic
Real Time (RT) circuit switched
low predictable delay
lower total capacity
More Voice
57
NOKIA
Data Traffic
Not Real Time (NRT) Packet switch
greater efficiency
greater total capacity
More Data
Capacity in Macro vs. Micro

Environments
Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity

formulas
Assumptions
Micro cell:
higher orthogonality
Micro: higher
isolation between cells
Results
These figures without

transmit diversity
Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of

orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects more downlink)
Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath

58
NOKIA
Contents
WCDMA Air-interface
System Dimensioning
Process & Tools
59
NOKIA
Coverage Improvement
Alternatives
Mast head amplifier
basic solution for optimized uplink performance
compensates feeder cable loss
supported by Nokia's base stations
can be used together with Smart Radio Concept
6 sectored site
utilizing narrowbeam antennas
~ 2 dB better antenna gain than in 3 sectored site
Nokia Smart Radio Concept,

SRC
4-branch uplink diversity
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NOKIA
Capacity Improvement
Alternatives
6 sectored site
~ 80% capacity gain compared to 3
sectors (not 100% due to inter-sector

interference)
More carriers (frequencies)

per sector
doubling the amount of carriers with power

splitting gives roughly 60% more capacity
Smart Radio Concept

transmit diversity
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NOKIA
Smart Radio Concept

Uplink coverage
4-branch diversity reception per sector
Maximal ratio baseband combining of 4 uplink
signals forms a beam
dB
10
Received signal power
5
0
Downlink capacity upgrade

Upgrade transmit diversity when needed
RX
+ TX
-5
-10 SRC
Rx diversity
-15
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Seconds, 3km/h
RX
RX
RX + TX
WCDMA
Transceiver
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NOKIA
Combined
received
signal
144 kbps Coverage / Capacity in

Macro Cells
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
Downlink
load curve
165
Better
coverage
160
155
Coverage is
uplink limited
Capacity is
downlink limited
Uplink load
curve with
RX diversity
145
for 144 kbps
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Load per sector [kbps]
150
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NOKIA
Nokia Smart Radio Concept

Phase 1: Increase Uplink
Coverage
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
165
160
Uplink
load curve
with SRC
2.5-3.0 dB
coverage
improvement
with SRC
155
150
145
Uplink load
curve
without
SRC
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
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NOKIA
Nokia Smart Radio Concept

Phase 2: Increase Downlink
Capacity
Max. allowed
path loss [dB]
170
Downlink with TX
diversity, 20W per branch
165
160
Downlink 20W
no diversity
155
150
70% increase
in capacity
145
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
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NOKIA
Coverage : 30 % less sites with

SRC
Sites / km2
0.3
0.25
2.5 - 3.0 dB gain

corresponds to 30%
less sites with SRC
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
3-sector (rx div)

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NOKIA
3-sector (SRC)
Capacity Upgrade with Smart

RadioorConcept
antenna cables
No changes to antennas
All these capacity upgrades within one Ultrasite cabinet

Speech Erlang per site
350
Cost / Erlang is
decreasing with
capacity upgrades
300
250
200
Add tx diversity +
take 2nd frequency
into use
150
100
50
0
20W
2x10W + 2x10W
Downlink power per sector

67
NOKIA
Contents
WCDMA Air-interface
System Dimensioning
Process & Tools
68
NOKIA
Network Optimisation criteria

Coverage criteria
Coverage for different data rate services
Pilot channel coverage
Soft handover areas and probabilities
Maximum loading based on traffic forecasts and defined margins
Quality of Service criteria (Key Performance Indicators)

Cell total data throughput
End user data throughput (application throughput)
Delays
Call setup success rates for different services
Call drop rates
Handover performance
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NOKIA
How to
Measure?
What
Tools?
Key Performance Indicators, KPI

KPIs are a set of selected indicators which are used for
measuring the current network performance and trends.
KPIs highlight the key factors of network monitoring and
warn in time of potential problems. KPIs are also used to

prioritise the corrective actions.
KPIs can be defined for circuit switched and packet switched

traffic separately and be measured by field measurement
systems and Nokia NetActTM network management system.
An example set of KPIs

RRC Setup Complete Ratio
RAB Setup Complete Ratio
RAB Active Complete Ratio
Call Setup Success Ratio
Call Drop Rate
Softer/Soft Handover Fail Ratio
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NOKIA
Optimisation - required
performance
Examples of performance metrics
Area of service availability or coverage performance
Average FER
Access failures including paging and SMS
MOC/MOT Failures
Dropped call performance
Handover percentage
Ec/Io performance
UMTS Bearer Service Attributes

Maximum bitrate (kbps)
Residual bit error ratio
Transfer Delay
Guaranteed bitrate (kbps)
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NOKIA
Cluster Optimisation and

Acceptance
Cluster optimisation is typical for networks with CDMA technology. As the
frequency is the same optimisation should be conducted simultaneously for the

whole cluster. Optimisation site by site will not produce the best results.
Cluster should be selected by geographical terms. Geographically isolated clusters
(e.g. separated by a hill) will not cause excessive interference between each other.
In practice the roll-out plan will affect how the clusters are initially selected
Cluster acceptance process is
started after all sites of the cluster

have achieved site acceptance
Missing a site means

non-performance in the area
exclusion zones in acceptance
Adding a site later means

Neighbouring sites affected
Next neighbouring sites also affected
Re-optimisation in the area necessary
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NOKIA
Missing site
Neighbouring sites
Next neighbouring sites
Nokia NetAct Framework and

Optimisation
Important in
network
optimisation
73
NOKIA
Nokia NetAct Planner and

Optimisation
WCDMA
& Totem
Vantage
Radio
2G Radio Network
Planning
3G Radio Network
Planning
Integrated
Data &
Environment
Quality
Field Measurement
Analysis
Important in
Optimisation
Rollout
Site Acquisition &
Project Tracking
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NOKIA
Impact on planning
Link
Microwave Link
Planning
Transmission
Transmission Network
Planning
WCDMA RAN Optimisation

WCDMA RAN
Network Management
Nokia NetActTM for 3G
Field Tool Server
configuration
KPIs, counters
me
as
Configuration
ur e
me
KPIs,
measurements
nts
air-interface
RAN Optimisation
pre-defined procedures
semi / full automated
S ta rt
W in d o w A d d
W in d r o w D ro p
C h a n g e 1 s t e p s iz e C h a n g e 1 s t e p s i z e
N o
C o m p T h r e s h o ld
C h a n g e 1 s t e p s iz e
D r o p T im e r
C h a n g e 1 s t e p s iz e
N M S : C o lle c t
n e tw o rk
p e rfo r m a n c e d a ta
E v a lu a t e K P I
' H O O v e r h e a d '.
O K ?
Yes
E v a l u a t e a ll
n e tw o r k K P Is .
O K ?
Yes
End
75
NOKIA
No
G o to re le va n t
o p t im i s a t i o n
f lo w - c h a rt
Field Tool
WCDMA Field Tool

Measurement data with
Phase 1
location and timestamp

File & remote IP based
interface
Measurement data with

location and timestamp
Phase 2
Post Processing Tool
Data Logging Tool
Field Tool Server

map data
Map
network configuration
configuration
Network
information
76
NOKIA
connection to NMS
Data Logging Tool

location & time
real-time
map
display
information
GPS
I/F
Terminal
I/F
Remote
I/F
measurement data with

timestamp & location
test call generation
terminal setup
network conf. info
77
NOKIA
File
I/F
measurement data:
map data, network
configuration
measurement data
with location and time
setup info, L1 meas.,

L2/L3 signaling msg.,
etc.
terminal setup
Optimisation based on statistics

Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports
Field measurements are used to get additional information from the pinpointed
problem spots
Useful for optimisation

To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements
To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs
To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information on various
statistical indicators and network history
Basis for area-wide performance improvement

Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends
Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas

Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for network
expansions
78
NOKIA
NetAct Statistics
Online Monitoring with
NetAct Monitor
For instance network alarms
Collecting, displaying and

storing service quality
information with NetAct
Service Quality Manager
Key Performance Indicators etc.
Customised reporting with

NetAct Reporter
Regular performance reviews
79
NOKIA

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3G Network Planning

Radio Network Planning

Transmission Network Planning

Packet technologies and protocols

Core Network Planning

Circuit Core Network Planning process

3G Network Planning Areas

3G Radio Network Planning

Access Transmission Network

3G Core Network Planning

Packet Switched Core

3G Packet Core Network Planning

Detailed Core Network

MPC External Network

Nokia IP650 Firewall Router

Cisco 7600 OSR

3G Circuit Core Network Planning

Circuit Core network planning for 3GPP rel.99

Traditional NSS network planning (MSC/HLR)

3G Circuit Core Network Planning

Planning MGW rel.4 network

3G Network Evolution Towards

RAN architecture today

Strict one-to-one hierarchy between base stations and controllers

All-IP RAN architecture

Nokia distributed All-IP RAN

User plane and

between base station

Nokia circuitswitched gateway

IP / ATM / MPLS transport

All-IP RAN is a parallel evolution

WCDMA RAN releases

GSM/EDGE BSS releases

Network evolution Roadmap

All-IP RAN architecture

All-IP RAN architecture

Whats New in WCDMA?

RAKE receiver takes advantage of multipath propagation

Soft handover ensures smooth handovers, reduced probability of

In RAN1 bit rate varies from 8 kbps up

coverage coupled cell breathing

Variable bit rate also available

Service delivery type

Quality classes for user to choose

Traffic asymmetric in uplink &

Common channel data traffic

Differences Between WCDMA and

GSM system is TDMA based

Users divide the common

UMTS system is CDMA based

FDD = Frequencydivision duplex

WCDMA Key Benefits

Call is connected before handoff is completed, reducing the

basic CDMA benefit => the wider is the transmitted bandwidth

Advanced Radio Resource Management (RRM)

Multipath Signal Processing

Combines power for increased signal integrity => RAKE

RAKE receiver takes different factors (attenuation,

Coverage & Capacity coupling

Load factor directly corresponds to the supported traffic per cell

Cell Breathing in WCDMA

Traffic load has

Low load 200 kbps