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Kuliah biokimia
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Photosynthesis

Isi kuliah
Metabolisme karbohidrat
Pengertian fotosintesis
Mekanisme fotosintesis

Metabolisme karbohidrat
Anabolisme/
Pembentukan/
sintesa

Katabolisme/
Penguraian/
degradasi

Contoh
fotosintesa
Glukosa, O2

respirasi
CO2, H2O, E

Pengertian
photosynthesis
Photo means light and synthesis means to
make
Process in which plants convert carbon
dioxide and water into sugars using solar
energy
Occurs in chloroplast

Photosynthesis:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

carbon dioxide + water =

sugar + oxygen

photosynthetic
products often
stored as starch
Starch = glucose
polymer
Tracking atoms

STARCH

Mekanisme fotosintesis
Melalui 2 tahap reaksi
1.Tahap reaksi terang (reaksi Hill)
2.Tahap reaksi gelap (reaksi Blackman)
Reaksi terang memanfaatkan energi chy dan
H2O untuk menghasilkan energi kimia
(ATP dan NADPH) dan O2.
Energi kimia itu digunakan dalam reaksi
gelap untuk mengubah CO2 menjadi
glukosa (C6H12O6)

 A Photosynthesis Road Map

Chloroplast
Light
Stroma
NADP

Stack of
thylakoids

ADP
+P
Light
reactions

Calvin
cycle

Sugar used for

Cellular respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other organic compounds

Fig. 10.1

Fig. 10.2a

Fig. 10.2b

Fig. 10.2c

Fig. 10.4

Different pigments absorb light

differently

Why are plants green?

e
t
c
fl e
e
R ht
lig

Transmitted light

Fig. 10.6

Fig. 10.8

Chloroplast Pigments
Chloroplasts contain several pigments
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids

Figure 7.7

Reaksi terang / reaksi Hill

ada 5 tahap
1.Penyerapan energi chy oleh pigmen
khloroplas
2.Pemindahan energi chy dari pigmen
pelengkap ke khlorofil a
3.Aktifasi khlorofil a oleh energi chy
4.Fotolisis air dan pelepasan oksigen
5.Transport elektron dan pembentukan energi
kimia ATP dan NADPH (fosforilasi)

Sistem transport elektron

(photophosphorylation /
fotofosforilasi)
Ada 2 macam
Sistem transport elektron non siklik
Sistem transport elektron siklik

Fotofosforilasi non siklik

Perhatikan gambar berikut
Mulai dari fotosistem I (dihasilkan NADPH)
Kmd fotosistem II (dihasilkan ATP)

Sistem transport elektron siklik

Perhatikan gambar berikut
Melibatkan fotosistem I saja
tidak melibatkan fotosistem 2
Dihasilkan ATP

Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Process for ATP generation associated with some
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Reaction Center => 700 nm

Sekian dulu
See you

Asimilasi karbon (reaksi gelap)

ada 3 macam
1.Siklus Calvin pada tanaman gol C3
2.Jalur Hatch-Slack dan siklus Calvin pada
tanaman gol C4
3.Crassulacean acid metabolism (Jalur HatchSlack dan siklus Calvin) pada tan gol CAM

asimilasi karbon pada tanaman

C3 (Siklus Calvin-Benson)
Perhatikan gambar berikut
Pada tanaman C3 terdapat enzim rubisco yang
mengakibatkan tjd fotorespirasi

Fig. 10.20

Hasil dari Siklus Calvin-Benson

Hexose (six-carbon) sugars are not a product
of the Calvin cycle. Although many texts list a
product of photosynthesis as C6H12O6, this
is mainly a convenience to counter the
equation of respiration, where six-carbon
sugars are oxidized in mitochondria. The
carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle
are
three-carbon
sugar
phosphate
molecules, or "triose phosphates," namely,
glyseraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P

Fig. 10.17

Rubisco

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase

(fixes CO2 & O2)
Enzyme in Calvin Cycle (1st step)
Most abundant protein on Earth
Ca. 25% total leaf protein

Photorespiration

When rubisco fixes O2, not CO2

Lose 1/2 C as CO2;
Only occurs in light
Rate increases with temperature

Asimilasi karbon tanaman gol C4

Perhatikan gambar berikut
Jalur Hatch-Slack pada sel mesofil
Siklus Calvin pada sel selimut berkas
pengangkutan (bundle sheat cells)

Fig. 10.21

Jalur
Hatch
-slack

Siklus
Calvin

Asimilasi karbon tanaman gol

CAM
Perhatikan gambar berikut
Jalur Hatch-Slack dan Siklus Calvin pada sel
mesofil

Fig. 10.22

Type 1: C3 Photosynthesis
Adaptive Value
More efficient under normal light, temperature,
and moisture.

How
Uses RUBISCO to collect CO2 during the day
and undergo photosynthesis

Who: most plants

Type 2: C4 Photosynthesis

Adaptive Value 1

Photosynthesizes faster under high light/heat

conditions.

How

Eliminates Photorespiration by using PEP

carboxylase (another enzyme) to collect CO2
during the day and hand delivering CO2 to
RUBISCO so that it cant react with O2.

Many grasses and crops (e.g., corn, sorghum,

millet, sugar cane)

Type 3: CAM Photosynthesis

Adaptive Values
1. Better water use efficiency
How
1. Stomata open during night
2. Uses PEP carboxylase to collect CO2 during the night
stores the CO2 as acid, closes stomata during day when
conducts photosynthesis.
3. Can keep stomata closed all the time, using CO2 from
respiration to photosynthesize and O2 from
photosynthesis for respiration.
Advantage in arid climates
Who: cactuses, agaves, bromeliads, euphorbia

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Global Environmental Change &

Photosynthesis:
C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM
Increasing CO2
Increasing chronic and acute temperatures
Increasing N (vs. decreasing C:N from
increasing CO2)
Changes in water

CO2 effects on photosynthesis

C4 > C3 at low CO2
But, C3 > C4 at high CO2

*At high CO2, C3 more efficient than C4 at all temps.

(photosynthesis only, not other processes)

Photosynthetic N-use efficiency

C4 plants need (have) less leaf N than C3
Photosynthesis higher per unit N in C4
Humans are increasing global N, which
benefits C3 more than C4
Increasing CO2 decreases leaf N content,
more in C3 than C4

Photosynthetic water-use
efficiency
C4 plants use less water than C3
(cause stomates open less)
Water availability may increase or decrease
in the future.

Predicting the future for plants

How will increases in CO2, N, and chronic
and acute heat stress affect photosynthesis?
Who will win or lose? C3? C4?
How will pollution (eg, ozone) interact?
Current research in my lab an example.

Elevated CO2

Hypothesis
Increased
leaf C:N

High CO2 effects

greater in C3 than C4
and CAM species.
High CO2 effects
greater on induced than
basal thermotolerance.

Decreased Heat-shock
proteins (Hsps)

Decreased
thermotolerance

no-pre-hs

pre-hs

40
30

corn

20

corn

10
0
40

30

sorghum

sorghum

20

Heat stress decreased

Pn in all species
(not the result of
stomatal closure).

Pn

10
0

Elevated CO2 had

negative effects on Pn
of C4 species, and
positive effects on C3
species.

40
30

barley

20

barley

10
0
40

wheat

30

wheat

20
10
0

Time (h)

Time (h)
700ppm CO2
370ppm CO2

Pre-heat shock has a

positive effect on Pn.

no-pre-hs

pre-hs

corn

0.6

corn

0.4
0.2
0.0
0.6 0

4
5
sorghum

3
4
sorghum

Heat shock
decreased et of all
C3 and C4 species

0.4

There was negative

CO2 effects on all
species, except for
wheat

0.2

Barley

0.4

Barley

0.2
0.0
0.6

0.6

wheat

0.4

wheat
Y Data

et

0.0
0.6

0.2

There was positive

Pre-HS effects on all
species

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.6

arabidopsis

0.0

arabidopsis

0.4
0.2
0.0

6 0

time (h)

SoyFACE: CO2 & ozone

photosynthetic electron transport

0.8
control
heat-stressed
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

_______
ambient
CO2 &
ozone

_______
elevated
CO2

_______
elevated
ozone

_______
elevated
CO2 &
ozone