LIPIDS DEFINISI Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone). Lipid adalah senyawa organik yang terbentuk dari alkohol dan asam lemak yang dihubungkan H O 2 O O oleh ikatan ester. R CH2 OH
Fatty alcohol
HO C
Fatty acid Esterase (lipase)
R CH2 O C
ester (lipid)
LIPIDS DEFINISI Lipids are widely distributed in nature both in plants and in animals.
PERAN PENTING LIPIDS
1. dapat disimpan untuk jumlah yang tidak terbatas dibandingkan dengan karbohidrat . 2. memiliki nilai energi tinggi (25% dari kebutuhan tubuh) dan mereka memberikan lebih banyak energi per gram dari karbohidrat dan protein, tetapi karbohidrat adalah sumber energi lebih disukai. 3. asam lemak esensial (PUFA Omega-3 dan Omega-6) yang tidak dapat disintesis oleh tubuh. 4. Supply the body with fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K).
PERAN PENTING LIPIDS
7. Lipid disimpan "depot lemak" disimpan dalam semua sel manusia bertindak sebagai: a) A store of energy. b) A pad for the internal organs to protect them from outside shocks. c) A subcutaneous thermal insulator against loss of body heat. 8. Lipoproteins, which are complex of lipids and proteins, are important cellular constituents that present both in the cellular and subcellular membranes. 9. Cholesterol enters in membrane structure and is used for synthesis of adrenal cortical hormones, vitamin D3 and bile acids. 10. Lipids provide bases for dealing with diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, lipid-storage diseases, essential fatty acid deficiency,
Classification of Lipids Lipid adalah senyawa organik yang terbentuk dari alkohol dan asam lemak yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan ester.
Simple Lipids : adalah ester asam lemak dengan berbagai jenis alkohol.
Simpel Lipid 1.FATS: ester asam lemak dan gliserol. 2.WAX: ester dari alkohol rantai panjang (16-30 karbon) dan Asam Lemak rantai panjang (16-30 karbon)
1. FATS Fats adalah ester asam lemak dan gliserol. Suatu asam lemak adalah asam organik dengan rantai hidrokarbon berakhir di karboksil (COOH) kelompok. Kebanyakan asam lemak memiliki bahkan jumlah atom karbon berkisar antara 14 sampai 22 (paling sering 16 atau 18). Ekor hidrokarbon panjang yang hidrofobik (tidak mengikat air).
O CH2OHHO C R O
CH2 O C R
CHOH HO C R O
CH O C R +
CH2OHHO C R glycerol fatty acids
CH2 O C R
Ester bond
3H2O
triacyl glycerol
R = long hydrocarbon chain
Fatty Acids
The Length of the Carbon
Chain Short-chain Fatty Acid (less than 6 carbons) Medium-chain Fatty Acid (6-10 carbons) Long-chain Fatty Acid (12 or more carbons)
Fatty Acids classify
Saturated Fatty Acids possess only single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
have one or more double bond in the hydrocarbon chain.
Saturated Fatty Acid All single bonds between carbons
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA)
One carbon-carbon double bond
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
(PUFA)
More than one carbon-carbon double bond
Location of Double Bonds
PUFA are identified by position of the double bond nearest the methyl end (CH3) of the carbon chain; this is described as a omega number; If PUFA has first double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end=omega 3 FA 6 carbons from methyl end=omega 6 FA
Degree of Unsaturation Firmness saturated vs. unsaturated
Stability oxidation, antioxidants
Hydrogenation advantages, disadvantages
Trans-Fatty Acids from hydrogenation
Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)
Omega-3: Eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)FISH Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) flaxseed--most, canola (rapeseed), soybean, walnut, wheat germ body can make some EPA and DHA from ALA
--affect cells where they are made; --have different effects in different cells --cause muscles to contract and muscles to relax; --help
regulate blood pressure, blood clot
formation, blood lipids, and immune response; --participate in immune response to injury and infection, producing fever, inflammation, and pain; --include:prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
Triglycerides Animal sources Contain saturated fatty acids Solid at room temperature Fats
Plant sources Contain unsaturated fatty acids Liquid at room temperature Oils
Triglycerides Act as energy store Release twice as much energy per gram as proteins or carbohydrates Insoluble, stored as droplets in cytoplasm Stored in adipose tissue of mammals Also protect and insulate and provide buoyancy
2. Wax ESTERS dari alkohol rantai panjang (16-30 CARBONS) dan fatty acids rantai panjang (1630 CARBONS) ACIDS (MIXTURES) EXAMPLES: BEESWAX, CERYL MYRISTATE (ANIMAL) CARNAUBA WAX, MYRICYL CEROTATE (PLANT) SPERMACETI WAX, CETYL PALMITATE (ANIMAL)
Compound Lipids Tersusun lebih dari dua komponen (glicerol, fatty acids)
2-Compound Lipids
Definition:
They are lipids that contain additional
substances, e.g., sulfur, phosphorus, amino group, carbohydrate, or proteins beside fatty acid and alcohol. Compound or conjugated lipids are classified into the following types according to the nature of the additional group: 1. Phospholipids 2. Glycolipids. 3. sphingolipid 4. Lipoproteins 5. Sulfolipids and amino lipids.
Phospholipid Hydrophilic head - polar group Hydrophobic tail - 2 fatty acid chains Molecule with hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions - Amphipathic Simplest has phosphate group only Most have alcohols esterified to phosphate group
Cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers
Phospholipids Structure Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
Functions Component of cell membranes Lipid transport as part of lipoproteins Emulsifiers Phosphatidylcholine
Food sources Egg yolks, liver, soybeans,
Glycolypid
functions
Menyusun dinding sel
Penyedia energi Marker cel Memperpanjang dari lapisan ganda fosfolipid ke lingkungan berair di luar sel. Bertindak sebagai pengenalan bahan kimia tertentu Membantu menjaga stabilitas membran sel Penyusun jaringan
Sphingolipids H
H3C (CH2)12 C = C C C CH2OH H OH NH sphingosine 2
to phosphate
to 1 fatty acid Sphingolipids have sphingosine backbone instead of glycerol
Sphingomyelin
Fatty acid chain bonded to sphingosine
molecule via an amide bond not ester bond
they regulate important processes, including
the stress response, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, genetic diseases, and resistance to chemotherapy Senyawa ini memainkan peran penting dalam transmisi sinyal dan pengakuan sel. Sphingolipidoses, atau gangguan metabolisme sphingolipid, memiliki dampak tertentu pada jaringan saraf.
Derived Lipids
Steroids
Four rings of carbon atoms
Designated A, B, C, D Synthesised from cholesterol Cholesterol precursor for steroid hormones
Top: Conversion of cholesterol (1) into pregnenolone (3) to progesterone
(6). Bottom: Progesterone is important foraldosterone(mineralocorticoid)
Cholester ol A HO
B O
Progestero ne
HO
HO O OH
O O HO
HO O
Corticosterone
Cortiso l
Progester Progesterone is a C-21 one steroid hormoneinvolved in thefemale menstrual cycle,pregnancy(supports gestation) andembryogenesisof humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones calledprogestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen.
Plasma Membrane Made up of lipid bilayer and proteins Lipid bilayer - double layer of lipid hydrophilic heads to outside hydrophobic tails to inside
Proteins integral - within bilayer peripheral - on surface of bilayer
Fluid structure - Fluid Mosaic
Model
Cortisol Kortisol adalah hormon steroid, lebih khusus glukokortikoid, diproduksi oleh zona fasciculata dari korteks adrenal. dirilis dalam respon terhadap stres dan tingkat rendah glukokortikoid darah. Fungsi utamanya adalah untuk meningkatkan gula darah melalui glukoneogenesis, menekan sistem kekebalan tubuh, dan membantu dalam lemak, protein dan metabolisme karbohidrat Mengurangi pembentukan tulang. Berbagai bentuk sintetik kortisol digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit
Fatty acid tail
(hydrophobic )
Peripheral proteins glycolipi d Lipid bilayer
Polar head cholester
(hydrophili ol c)
Integral proteins
Function of Plasma Membrane Lipid Bilayer Barrier to entry and exit of charged or polar substances (glucose) Freely permeable to water, O2 and CO2 Glycolipids act as cell markers
Protein Act as transporters and channels for polar molecules Receptors for binding of molecules Cell Markers
