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Developmental Psychology

(EST-101)

Block 2 of 4
Lecture 1: Erik Eriksons
Psychosocial Theory

Objectives of this Lecture


By the end of the session, students
will be able to say:
-know the central assumptions of
Psychosocial theory
-have an understanding of the stages
of psychosocial crisis.
- understand positive and negative
outcomes of each crisis.

Psychosocial Perspective: The Basics


oFreuds theory influenced Erik
Eriksons theory but does not
depend on it.
oThe first five stages of
Eriksons theory parallels to
that of Freuds and expands
adding three more stages (total
eight)
oErikson was the first one to
recognize the lifespan nature of
human development.
oErikson also states that to
understand normal
development one has to
consider the life situation in

Psychosocial Perspective: Assumptions


oPeople experience 8 psychosocial
crisis stages which significantly affects
each persons development and
personality.
oErikson believed that children develop in
a set order.
oEach stage in Eriksons theory carries a
specific developmental task.
oSuccessful completion of the task
depends heavily on the nature of the
childs social relationship at each stage.

In Short:
Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory is
oA lifelong process.
oIdentity changes over lifetime
oIndividuals must take responsibility for their
own lives
oIdentity develops over 8 stages of life.
oSuccessful passing through each crisis involves
achieving a balance between the 2 emotional
forces
oOR
oFailing to develop that quality = the negative
outcomes arising from an unhelpful experience
through each of the crisis stages.

Psychosocial crisis stage 1 of 8

Trust
LIFE STAGE :
AGE

RANGE :

RELATIONSHIPS:
ISSUES:

Vs

Mistrust

Infancy
0 months to 1& half years
Parents
feeding and being
comforted, teething,
sleeping

Psychosocial crisis stage 1 of 8


Trust

Vs

Mistrust

oIf the infant's


ocare is
needs are met and
inadequate,
if parents
inconsistent or
communicate
harsh, the child
genuine affection,
will emerge with
the child will
a sense of the
emerge from this
world being an
stage thinking of
untrustworthy
the world as a safe
place
and dependable
place
These are important differences which may be later
reflected in the ways in which children interact with
others and deal with their school experiences.

Psychosocial crisis stage 1 of 8


Trust

Mistrust
Vs

Strength

Hope & Drive (allowing


exposure to risk, a trust in
life and self and others,
inner resolve and strength
in the face of uncertainty
and risk)

Psychosocial crisis stage 2 of 8


Shame &
doubt

Autonom
y
Vs
LIFE STAGE :
AGE

RANGE :

RELATIONSHIPS:
ISSUES:

Early Childhood/ toddler


1-3 years
Parents and
siblings
bodily functions, toilet
training, muscular control,
walking

Psychosocial crisis stage 2 of 8


Shame &
doubt

Autonom
y
oAutonomy =selfreliance.
oToddlers have
developed the capacity
to move about and do
many things on their
own.
oIf they are allowed to
use these emerging
skills under judicious
guidance,
encouragement from

Vs

o If they experience
an environment in
which adults do not
allow them or
punish them for
exploring their
environment, they
are likely to
develop a sense of
shame and doubt
about their own
behaviors

Psychosocial crisis stage 2 of 8


Shame &
doubt

Autonom
y
Vs
Strength

Willpower & Self-Control


(self-determination,
confidence in self to decide
things)

Psychosocial crisis stage 3 of 8


Initiative

Guilt
Vs

LIFE STAGE :
AGE

RANGE :

RELATIONSHIPS:
ISSUES:

preschool
3-6 years
Other family
exploration and discovery,
adventure and play

Psychosocial crisis stage 3 of 8


Initiative
o Children who are
given the freedom
to explore and
experiment with
adults who answer
their questions
tend to develop
initiative

Guilt

o Those who are


restricted and
whose initiative is
Vs
considered to be a
problem tend to
develop a sense of
guilt about
pursuing their
interests
o These outcomes may be seen later as children are
confronted with school situations in which they are
expected to develop their own ideas (e.g., for writing
assignments, book reports or science projects) and to
plan and undertake activities using these ideas.

Psychosocial crisis stage 3 of 8

Initiative
Strength

Guilt
Purpose & Direction
(decision-making, working
with and leading others,
initiating projects and
ideas, able to take
initiative and appropriate
risks)

Psychosocial crisis stage 4 of 8

Inferiority

Industriousness
Vs
LIFE STAGE :
AGE

RANGE :

RELATIONSHIPS:

ISSUES:

schoolchil
d
5-12 yrs, early school
school
achievement and
accomplishment

Psychosocial crisis stage 4 of 8


Inferiority

Industriousness
oIndustry = purposeful or
meaningful activity.
oParents must encourage,
teachers must care, peers
must accept.
oChildren want to win
recognition and praise
through the things they do. If
this occurs, they develop a
sense of industry

Vs

oIf their attempts to


succeed fail, if the
adults around give
them little feedback or
negative feedback,
and if they feel
incompetent, they will
develop a sense of
inferiority

o Schools are the social institutions where these


outcomes occur and where their consequences are
seen most clearly.

Psychosocial crisis stage 4 of 8

Inferiority

Industriousness
Vs
Strength

Competence (making

things, producing results,


feeling valued and capable of
contributing, confidence to seek
and respond to challenge and
learning,)

Psychosocial crisis stage 5 of 8

Role
confusion

identity
Vs
LIFE STAGE :
AGE

RANGE :

RELATIONSHIPS:
ISSUES:

adolescent
11-18 yrs, puberty, teens
earlier for girls
peers
resolving identity and direction,
becoming a grown-up

Psychosocial crisis stage 5 of 8


identity

Role
confusion

oIdentity (Ego-Identity)
oRole Confusion
=develop a desire for
(Identity-Crisis) =
independence from
Vs failure to achieve
parents, achieve physical
ego-identity feeling
maturity and are
like you dont belong,
concerned with the
dont know who you
question of "who they will
are or what you want
become.
to do -- about who
As they feel insecure about themselves
they are and what they will become -- adolescents
become highly dependent upon the peer group for
support and susceptible to peer pressure. This is one
of the factors underlying the high prevalence of
alcohol and drug use and of gang participation among

Psychosocial crisis stage 5 of 8


identity

Strength

Role
confusion
Fidelity (seeing useful
personal role(s) and
purpose(s) in life)

Psychosocial crisis stage 6 of 8


Intimacy

LIFE STAGE :
AGE

RANGE :

RELATIONSHIPS:
ISSUES:

isolation
VS
.
young

young
adult
18-40, courting, early
parenthood

Spouse (lovers), friends, work


connections

intimate relationships, work


and social life

Psychosocial crisis stage 6 of 8


Intimacy

isolation

VS
o Intimacy = during young . o Isolation - failure
adulthood in our society,
individuals are expected
to establish a close and
committed relationship
with another person

Strength

to do this typically
leads to a sense of
isolation.
o inability to
establish intimacy

Love ( socially and inter-personally


comfortable, ability to form honest
reciprocating relationships and
friendships,)

Psychosocial crisis stage 7 of 8


stagnation

Generativity
VS.
LIFE STAGE :
AGE

RANGE :

RELATIONSHIPS:
ISSUES:

mid-adult
30-65, middle age, parenting
children
'giving back', helping,
contributing

Psychosocial crisis stage 7 of 8


Generativity

stagnation

oto see one's children


oStagnation = inability
grow and develop and to
to (or choice not to)
be proud of the productive VS. take part in
and creative
generativity
oIt's the character that
accomplishments that will
leave a legacy for younger
represents feelings of
generations (such as those
selfishness, greed,
that teachers often feel).
lack of interest in
oextends beyond one's
young people and
own children, and also to
future generations,
all future generations
and the wider world.

Strength

Care (giving unconditionally in


support of children and/or for others,

Psychosocial crisis stage 8 of 8


Integrity

Despair
VS.

LIFE STAGE :
AGE

late adult

RANGE :

50+, old age,


grandparents
society
RELATIONSHIPS:
ISSUES:

meaning and purpose, life


achievements

Psychosocial crisis stage 8 of 8


Despair

Integrity
Ego integrity =
looking back on life
with a sense of
fulfillment &
satisfaction
oNo regrets .

Strength

VS.

oDespair = view life


with sense of
frustration and
regret leads one
to feel disgusted
with self and bitter
with others

Wisdom (calmness,
tolerance, peace of mind,
non-judgemental,
acceptance of death)

Conclusions
o The psychoanalytic perspective has two
theories; Freuds psychosexual theory and
Eriksons psychosocial theory.
o The Psychoanalytic Perspective has
emphasized on the individuals unique life
history as worthy of study
o In this view the psychoanalytic theorists
accept the clinical method which gathers
information from a variety of sources to
understand the personality of a single child
o It has also provided research on many aspects
of development, sibling relationship, child
rearing practices, morality, gender roles and
adolescents identify.

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