JETTIES and GROYNES

By
ABHISHEK SANGHAI, 11NA10003
MAHESH KARUVELI 11NA10019

JETTIES
Jetty is a structure built out from the shore and at which
vessels berth, either at the head or alongside.
Jetty consists of Approach Bridge, jetty head, dolphins and
fenders system.

 They are carried out in pairs from river banks, or in

continuation of river channels at their outlets into deep
water; or out into docks, and outside their entrances. or
for formingbasinsalong the coast forportsintide
lessseas.

Oysters

Tubeworms

Seasquirts or
cunjevoi

The pylons on a jetty create an area for marine animals to live

CONSIDERATIONS
A lot of aspect need to be considered when constructing
the jetty structure as construction is held on open sea.
These include the design considerations, the
environment impacts, and the method of construction,
the facilities and the uses of the jetty.
Jetties should be preferably made of non-combustible
materials, and be of sufficient strength to withstand
normal berthing forces.
There are many forms or types of jetties. The type of
jetties can be differentiating based on its main function
and its form of construction.

CLASSIFICATION
(based on function)
For regulating rivers
For berthing at docks
At lagoon outlets
At the outlet of tide less rivers
At the mouth of tidal rivers

Regulating rivers
Awing damis a manmade barrier that, unlike a
conventional dam, only extends partway into a river.
These structures force water into a fast-moving centre
channel which reduces the rate of sediment
accumulation, while slowing water flow near the
riverbanks.
Wing damsare extended out, opposite one another,
from each bank of a river, at intervals, to contract a
widechannel, and by concentration of the current to
produce a deepening.

Berthing at docks
Pilework jetties are constructed in the water outside the entrances to docks on each side-in
order to guide vessels in entering or leaving the docks.
Solid jetties, moreover, lined with quay walls, are sometimes carried out into a wide dock ,at
right angles to the line of quays at the side-to enlarge the accommodation for vessels when
discharging and taking in cargoes.

Aerial view of jetties, constructed

of dolos, at Humboldt Bay harbor
entrance. These jetties mitigate
unpredictable shifting sands and
ensure 700 feet (210 m) of width

At lagoon outlets

A small tidal rise spreading tidal water over a large expanse oflagoonor
inland backwater causes the influx and efflux of the tide.
A baris produced that diminishes the available depth in the approach
channel
By carrying out a solid jetty over the bar, however on each side of the
outlet, the tidal currents are concentrated in the channel across the bar

At the outlet of tideless rivers

Jetties have been constructed on each side of the outletriverof
some of the rivers flowing into the Baltic protecting the channel
from being shoaled by thelittoraldrift along the shore.

At the mouth of tidal rivers

Where a river is narrow near its mouth, and its discharge is
generally feeble, the sea is liable on an exposed coast, leading to
blocking up its outlet during severe storms.
The river is thus forced to seek another exit at a weak spot of the
beach, which along a low coast may be at some distance off; and
this new outlet in its turn may be blocked up, so that the river from
time to time shifts the position of its mouth. This inconvenient cycle
of changes may be stopped by fixing the outlet of the river at a
suitable site, by carrying a jetty on each side of this outlet across
the beach, thereby concentrating its discharge in a definite channel
and protecting the mouth from being blocked up by littoral drift.

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
SITE POSSESION
PRELIMINARIES AND GENERAL
ITEMS
DREDGING WORKS
SITE CLEARANCE AND REVETMENT
WORKS

INSTALLATION OF PRECAST
PRESTRESSED BEAMS
IN-SITU CONCRETE WORKS
DECK FURNITURE
FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION
OF STRUCTURAL STEEL WORKS

PILING WORKS
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
PILE LOAD TEST- STATIC AND
DYNAMIC
CONSTRUCTION OF
SUBSTRUCTURE, DOLPHINS AND
PILE CAP

HAND OVER

CONSTRUCTION
In general, the jetty are of lighter construction than
general cargo-handling docks as they usually do not
require warehouse or extensive cargo-handling
equipment like large crane used to load and unload
containers.
Jetty head is protected by breasting dolphins against the
mooring tankers and also provided with separated
dolphins to take the ships mooring lines.
The jetty is equipped with the pipelines systems to
transport the products to or from the ships

MAINTENANCE
The integrity of the jetty system should be routinely checked and
confirmed. The following items should be routinely inspected as a
minimum requirement:
the fendering systems for vessel impact protection should be inspected to
ensure that there has been no damage as a result of vessel movements.
the depth of the approach channels, the berthing location and the exit
channels from the jetty should be routinely checked to ensure that silting
has not occurred to an extent that may result in a ship running aground. It
may be necessary to have a programme for the removal of silt.
the bollards/securing points located on the jetty should be inspected to
ensure that they have not been damaged or loosened during storm
conditions.

MAINTENANCE
the underwater structure of the jetty should be routinely inspected to
ensure that significant corrosion has not occurred and the structure has
not been significantly weakened as a result of corrosive attack.
any ropes/mooring systems used for fastening ships to jetties should
be inspected on a routine basis to ensure that they are not damaged.
all land based pipework, pumps and transfer systems, lifting apparatus
and support structures should be routinely inspected.
fire access routes and emergency equipment should be regularly
inspected.
wash down facilities for flexible pipework systems should be regularly
inspected and emptied/cleaned as necessary.

Jetty at Vadinar,
India

Gryone
Hard measure of shoreline protection
Rigid hydraulic structure
Extends perpendicular to the shore or at a
slightly oblique angle
Absorbs wave energy reducing seawards erosion
Traps sediments from longshore drift and causes
deposition
Creates beaches

Working
Traps sediment on the updrift side.
Maintains the beach n updrift side.
Stops sediment transport in the downdrift direction.
This leads to increased erosion on the downdrift side.
Traps wave energy in between two groynes thus
reducing impact on the beach.
Increased updrift direction beach acts as a buffer in
storms.

Working
Their effectiveness depends on extension into sea
Longer the extension more littoral drift is blocked
Normally they extend only into the surf zone
Knowledge of shoreline characteristics is necessary to
predict the optimum length
The stability of the trapped sand drift will decide the
effectiveness of the groyne under extreme conditions.

Working
Under extreme conditions the groyne has to
keep the trapped material in between as
buffer to prevent erosion and damage to the
original beach
The orientation of the beach head is aligned
with the of the prevailing wave direction
Thus the longshore sediment is effectively
tgrapped

Scheme of interaction

Groyne length
Groyne length is a funstion of mean width of
surf zone and longshore spacing
Studies suggest that optimal length is 4050% of surf zone width.
The effective length increases as wave to
shore angle increases

Groyne spacing
The beach level on each side of groyne is a function of
the groyne spacing
If the direction of waves is confined to one particular
direction the groyne can be made widely spaced
As the beach becomes more and more steep groyne
spacing should be decreased

 Due to entrapment of water between groynes

compensatory flows develop along the length
This leads to weakening of groynes and
requires periodic repairs
In storms where the wave direction is along
the length of the groyne the groyne length is
effectively minimum and leads to higher ersion

Groyne Height
The groyne can be submerged or emerged strucure

depending on the tides and storm surges

Normal extension above MSL can be between 0.5-

1.0 m
If the groyne height is made too high it will lead to

local scours (ersoion and subsequent weakening of

structure)

Permeabilty
Effectiveness of the groynes depends also on their

permeability.
The groynes which are either structurally permeable or

submerged (permanently or during high water levels)

allow more sediment to pass alongshore through them, in
comparison to impermeable or high groynes
If the groyne is too permeable they may become

ineffective.

Lee side erosion

Due to lower wave energy there will lower deposition on
the lee side
Beach erosion in downstream direction
Beach nourishment need to be considered
Sand trapped between groynes can also be selectively
used for replenishment

Types of Groynes
By construction method
Permeable groynes- large rocks, bamboo or timber
impermeable groynes(solid groynes) - rock, gravel, gabions.
By whether they are submerged
By shape
T L or Y shaped

Types of Groynes (contd.)

By their effect on stream
Attracting, repelling or deflecting
By the number of groynes
Single groynes
Groyne fields

Groynes by construction material

Wooden Groynes
Cheap
Low service life
Semi permeable
Low lee side erosion
No water circulation patterns

Groynes by construction material

Steel Groynes
Impermeable
Constructed by sheet piling
Cannot be used in cold regions
High friction from sand and erosion
Used in combination with concrete

Groynes by construction material

Concrete groynes
Long lasting
Pre fabricated
Needs deep foundation
Cost effective

Groynes by construction material

Rubble-mound and sand-filled bag groynes
Durable and impermeable when used in combination
with steel sheet piling
Used along with soft filter cloth to prevent
sedimentation
Best for energy dissipation a s compared to wood steel
or concrete groynes

Groynes In India

Groynes in Gujarat and Kovalam

Kerala

Ennore and Kanyakumari

General Comments
Groynes tend to trap seaweed and floating debris on the
upstream side as well as on the lee side.
Groynes obstruct passage along the beach.
Groynes are often dangerous to walk on; however, if they are
built to allow passage on the top, they are popular for
promenade and fishing.
The lee zone eddy as well as the upstream rip current can be
dangerous for bathers.
Groynes constitute a foreign element in the coastal landscape
due to their unnatural shape being perpendicular to the
shoreline.

General Comments
Coastal erosion on beach is significantly reduced, as the
water can only reach the cliff during high tide.
Low maintenance.
Lowest cost, little money is spent to build it.
Care must be taken while designing to make sure that
the structure can withstand storms and are not
uprooted
Studies must be done to minimise lee side erosion

Conclusion
A well designed groyne system can be effective in
controlling beach movements, but the degree of
success will, to a large extent depend on sediment
supply whether natural or artificial
The protection provided by a groyne field is always at
the expense of lee side erosion
Gryones can have little effect on macro scale
movements

REFERENCE
http://www.cccorpn.com/jetty-vadinar.htm
https://
www.scribd.com/doc/195925358/Harbour-and-Jetty-Struc
tures