APPLICATION OF REMOTE

SENSING AND GIS IN CIVIL ENGG.

N.BHASKAR

08381A0107

 INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing means sensing an object
without being in physical contact with it. It
involves the measurement of EME
(electromagnetic energy) reflected or emitted
from objects . Basically, the EME is emitted by
the sun and the objects which have temperature
above 273 degree Celsius

 EME INTERACTION WITH EARTH SURFACE

FEATURES
The incident EME on the earth is partly reflected,
absorbed and transmitted. For the flat surfaces, as
specular reflectors characterized by mirror like
reflection, whereas diffuse reflectors are rough
surfaces that reflect uniformly in all direction. The
reflectance characteristics of the earths surface features
are expressed by spectral reflectance.
Spectral reflectance is given by:
R=

Er / Ei *100

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

GIS is defined as a system of computer hardware
and software, designed to allow users to collect,
analyze and retrieve large volumes of spatially
referenced data and associated attributes
collected from a variety of sources.
The GIS is a database system for manipulating
digital spatial and thematic data gathered from
several sources. The major advantage of GIS is
that it is an information system.

ADVANTAGES OF A GIS
The users of GIS can ask unlimited number of
questions using combinations of data retrieval
and transformation functions. Many of these
questions may be extremely difficult to answer
using the conventional methods
Large quantities of data can be stored,
maintained and retrieved at a greater speed and
low cost.
It can perform complex spatial analysis
providing both qualitative and quantitave results

SOFTWARE MODULES
Software modules are required for organizing the
GIS database, integration operation and
processing the output .these modules of GIS can
be classified into following four categories.
Data input and editing
Database management
Analysis/transformation/manipulation

DATA INPUT
Before any spatial analysis or modeling
operations can be carried out in a GIS , it is
necessary to feed it with the requisite data
Broadly categorized, the Earth- surface data for
any GIS application can be derived from various
sources, (FIG)
TYPES OF DATA:
SPATIAL DATA
NON SPATIAL DATA

 DATA OUTPUT
The processed output data from a GIS can be
taken in several forms ,hardcopy , softcopy or
electronic
CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATION
Revision of (existing) toposheets
Alignment of (new) highways and rail-lines
Location of (Gravity) dam sites
Tunneling
Silting of storage reservoirs
Seepage losses in canals

Location of percolation tanks

Location of bridge site
Catchment area and command area studies of
dam site
OTHER APPLICATIONS
Land cover mapping
Geological mapping
Vegetation mapping
Water resource application
Disaster management

CONCLUSION
Thus Remote sensing and GIS will be a buzz
world in the development in years future, with
launching of European satellite Galileo recently
will allow more & more use of Geoinformatics in
commercial applications