QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

L.H.RYDER
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1.Introduction: synopsis of particle physics

1.1 Quantum field theory

Quantisation blurs the distinction between particles and fields.
Point particle become fuzzy and subject to a wave function.
Field ,classically represented as a continuum, take on a particl
elike nature(the photon).

1.2 Gravitation
Gravitational field has some PROBLEMS!!
Einsteins field equation are non-linear.
We are faced with quantisation of space-time; what is the mea
ning?
Observation of individual graviton.

1.3 Strong interaction

Yukawa surmised that the strong force between protons and n
eutrons and the field quantum had to a finite mass200MeV.
In 1947,the was discovered with a mass of 140 MeV/.

 Quark model
Quark processes a quantum number like electric charge except
1.It has three degree of freedom.
2.It is unobservable in the free state.
Colour gives rise to a quantized field, massless and of spin one p
article.
The quanta are known as gluons.

1.4 Weak interactions

In Fermis original theory, beta decay was a point interaction.
n p e

there was no need for field .

It was believed to be wrong because it is non-renormalisable.

Electromagnetism and weak force are combined in a non-trivia
l way.
the weak field acquires quantathe W and Z boson.

1.5 Leptonic quantum numbers

Baryons
Hadron
Element
al
particle

Mesons
Leptons
Field
quanta

Conserved

quantum number
Baryon have baryon number B=1 and other particles have B=0.

has =1, everything else has =0.

If is conserved then and are distinct particles.

1.6 Hadronic quantum number

It is due to the strong interaction.
There are due to weak interaction.

Introduce
a quantum S called strangeness
Assign S= 0 to , p
S= -1 to
S= +1 to
Invent the rule,
strong interactions conserve S and weak interaction chang it.

 In
1975,at higher energy
Single weak interaction obey the rule
But this reaction has

Introduce a new quantum number charm C ?

has C=1,S=0 has C=0,S=-1
and

has C=1

so that decay

1.7 Resonances
The reaction has large peak in the cross section
The sharp peak in is interpreted as a resonance called .
The width 110 MeV
This time is characteristic of strong interaction.
For stable particle to decay these quantum
number must changes therefore they decay only
through the weak or electromagnetic.

1.8 The quark model

Quark have spin and have six flavor u,d,s,c,t,b
Baryon are bound state of three quark (qdd)
Meson are quark-antiquark (q)
Baryons are made of three identical fermions, so the possible s
tate may be classified according to their symmetry under inter
change of quark labels.

 There are =27 state, distinct supermultiplets of {10},{8},{8},{1}.

Totally antisymmetric states:
Totally symmetric states:

 Neutron decay
decay
The rule
explain the decay and non-decay of and
(dds)

(ddu)

(uus) (ddu)

1.9 SU(2),SU(3),SU(4),
Putting

let

,where M is a 2*2 matrix ,is a group.

Suppose M is unitary, then the group is U(2).

Consider simply SU(2),which corresponds to det M =1
Same as the commutation relations for angular
momentum
Showing that SU(2) symmetry is a rotation symmetry
The conserved quantity is a vector quantity isospin.

 Assume s quark is degenerate with u and s quarks.

where M is now a 3*3 matrix
these matrices generate group SU(3)
The dimensionalities of the irreducible representation of SU(3)
given by
SU(3) supermultiplet contains several isospin multiplets, each
with differing strangeness S.

 Hypercharge Y = S+C+B+T+B ?
Gell-Mann-Nishijima relation Q =

1.10 Dynamical evidence for quark

 Inelastic scattering

In elastic case,

so

, and are related

The form factor are function of only.

 In inelastic case, is effectively an independent variable

So and are independent, and the form factor so-called structu
re factor W( )

Plot and as a function of

At high and but is finte

 and turn out to be function of only, not of and

Experimentally, this ratio tend to zero,so the quarks have spin .

1.11 Colour
Wave function
The three quarks are in an S=,L=0 state,so make symmetric
and the symmetry of is which is symmetric when L=0
3-quark wave function is therefore symmetric under exchang of
all three labels;but this is forbidden by Fermi-Dirac statistics.

 Introdcuting another degree of freedom for quarks, called colo

ur.

is antisymmetric under exchang of colour labels.

Hadrons are colourless so it is observed.

 (i)
we deduce
(ii) annihilation experiments

1.12 QCD
Quark-quark interaction via gluon exchange.
Gluon themselves carry colour.
The symmetry of group of QCD is SU(3), which is non-Abelian.

1.13 Weak interaction

is called
Cabibbo angle, is found to be 0.2470.008
Cabibbo-rotated d quark
2-dimensional representation of an SU(2) group
Which generates so-called weak isospin