Internal and
External Sources
Precipitation
Rain
Canopy
Evaporation
Snow
Snow
Canopy Storage
Rain on
Snow Rain on
Bare
Ground
Thrufall
Abalation
WEBMOD
Snowpack
Snowmelt
Rain+Melt
Hortonian Overland Flow
Dunnian Overland Flow
Root zone ET
Unsaturated Zone
Storage
Macropore flow
Diversion
Delivery
to Stream
Routing
Recharge
Crackflow and
fingering
Regional
Groundwater
Saturated Zone
Shallow well
Tile Drain
Baseflow and Exfiltration
Loss to Deep
Aquifer
Channel Loss
Basin Runoff
Watersheds:
What to expect
Rick Webb
Research Hydrologist
Watersheds
Research Objective
WEBMOD
TOPMODEL
+ PRMS + NWS Snow = XTOP_PRMS
+ PHREEQC = WEBMOD
Principal Components of Water and Solutes
Application to managed watersheds
Isotopes
Climate impacts on Acid Rock Drainage
Watersheds
Research Objective
WEBMOD
TOPMODEL
+ PRMS + NWS Snow = XTOP_PRMS
+ PHREEQC = WEBMOD
Principal Components of Water and Solutes
Application to managed watersheds
Isotopes
Climate impacts on Acid Rock Drainage
Outputs
Storage
Bedrock, Snowpack
Soil moisture, Surface water
Ground water, Biomass, Soils
Hypothesis: The residence times and biogeochemical processes active along the
various flow paths will determine the quality of surface and ground water in the
watershed.
Watersheds
Research Objective
WEBMOD
TOPMODEL
+ PRMS + NWS Snow = XTOP_PRMS
+ PHREEQC = WEBMOD
Principal Components of Water and Solutes
Application to managed watersheds
Isotopes
Climate impacts on Acid Rock Drainage
SURFACE
RUNOFF
MECHANISMS
TOPMODEL
CONCEPTS
Sx
}
Saturation Deficit Sx
TOPMODEL
Distributed Process
Conceptualization
Statistical
Distribution of
Topographic Index
ln(a/tanB)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0.1
Ksat(z)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
m values
(SZM)
5.00
2.50
1.70
1.00
0.50
0.25
0.17
0.10
Field Capacity
root
zone
Index
Saturation
Deficit
SD(+)
Wilting Point
Ave
ra
ge w
ate
r ta
bl e
La n
dS
urf
ace
root
zone
exfiltrated
water
Topographic
index
1
Index
Saturation
Surplus
SD(-)
Average
Saturation
Deficit
SBAR
Rain+Melt
TOPMODEL
Root zone ET
Unsaturated Zone
Storage
Macropore flow
Recharge
Saturated Zone
Delivery
to Stream
Routing
Basin Runoff
Energy
S
S
Mass Change
Melt Factor
Contiguous
United
States
Alaska
MFMIN
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
1.0
0.8
Snow Cover
Depletion Curve
0.6
Amount
of
New
Snow
0.4
0.2
0.0
Effect of Snowfall
on Partially Bare Area
20
40
60
80
100
TOP_PRMS
Precipitation
Rain
Canopy
Evaporation
Snow
Snow
Canopy Storage
Rain on
Snow Rain on
Bare
Ground
Thrufall
Snow
Evaporation
NWS SNOW-17
Snowpack
Snowmelt
Rain+Melt
TOPMODEL
Root zone ET
Unsaturated Zone
Storage
Macropore flow
Recharge
Saturated Zone
Delivery
to Stream
Routing
Basin Runoff
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Evapotranspiration
Overland Flow
Macropore flow
Baseflow and exfiltration
Allequash
Icacos
Loch Vale
Panola
Sleepers
Biogeochemical cycles
Geochemical data compiled by Jake Peters, Jamie Shanely, and Brent Aulenbach
WEBMOD
Modifications to XTOP_PRMS to enable forward
feeding series of batch reactors:
Soil properties needed for solute transport
Porosity, field capacity, wilting point, rooting depth, depth to
bedrock, log-normal distribution of vertical hydraulic
conductivity.
PHREEQC Capabilities
Aqueous, mineral, gas, surface, ion-exchange, and
solid-solution equilibria
Kinetic reactions
1D diffusion or advection and dispersion with
dual-porosity medium
A powerful inverse modeling capability allows
identification of reactions that account for the
chemical evolution in observed water
compositions
Extensive geochemical databases
Geochemical Setup
Initial and default solute
concentrations
Equilibrium phases
Kinetics
Reactants
Watersheds
Research Objective
WEBMOD
TOPMODEL
+ PRMS + NWS Snow = XTOP_PRMS
+ PHREEQC = WEBMOD
Principal Components of Water and Solutes
Application to managed watersheds
Isotopes
Climate impacts on Acid Rock Drainage
Hydrologic Variables
Net precipitation
Snowmelt
Actual evapotranspiration
Overland flow from infiltration-excess
Saturated overland flow
Root zone moisture
Flux of water from the saturated zone to the root zone
Macropore flow
Baseflow and exfiltration
Solutes
Cations
H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+
Anions
HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3 and silica
H4SiO4
Base Cations
Base
Cations
Ca 2+
HCO 3-
Alkalinity
Alkalinity
Mg 2+
CO 3 2-
K+
SO 4 2-
Na +
Cl-
Acid
AcidAnions
Anions
NO 3-
Component 1
(50 percent of variance):
10
8
6
Allequash
Andrews
Icacos
Panola
Sleepers
0
-2
-4
1
Month
10
11
12
Component 1 Wet/Dry
(+) Deluge/Melt
(-) Drought/Freeze
(50 percent of variance)
Accumulated solutes are flushed from the
watershed by snow melt or alternately retained
when precipitation and solutes are locked up when
the basin freezes.
Component 2
(+) Dry periods with cool, wet soils
(-) Wet periods with warm soils with
available root zone storage
(14 percent of variance)
Retention of ammonia, nitrate, and sulfate is less
during dry and cool periods with saturated soils
than it is during wet warm periods with available
root zone storage.
Component 3
(+) Dry soils during warm, dry periods
(-) Wet soils during cool, wet periods
(8 percent of variance)
This component describes the upward flux of water from
the saturated zone into drying riparian soils during periods
of high evapotranspiration. Exfiltration through
desiccating surfaces increases the net export of nitrate and
chloride; during wet and cool periods, the nitrate and
chloride in the precipitation may move from the base of
wet soils down to mix with ground water as might occur
during ground water ridging.
Component 4
(+) Low base flows with limited recharge
(-) Moderate baseflows with some recharge
(7 percent of variance)
During very low flows, ions from deep in the soil
profile are released; nutrients and sulfate are
tightly retained near the surface. During moderate
recharge events the nutrients and sulfate exports
are rinsed into a more saturated soil profile to be
released in the base flow as the contribution of
base cations diminishes.
Component 5
(+) Spring melts or rains on dry soils
(-) Late summer rains on wet soils
(4 percent of variance)
Ammonia is taken up by growing vegetation in the
spring. Mineralization of organic debris
reintroduces the ammonia into the system to be
released during late summer rains when
transpiration begins shutting down.
Month
Allequash
-5
4%
-4
7%
-3
8%
-2
14%
-1
50%
Loch Vale
Luquillo
Panola
Sleepers
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
92 93 94 95 96 97 92 93 94 95 96 97
92 93 94 95 96 97
92 93 94 95 96 97
92 93 94 95 96 97
Watersheds
Research Objective
WEBMOD
TOPMODEL
+ PRMS + NWS Snow = XTOP_PRMS
+ PHREEQC = WEBMOD
Principal Components of Water and Solutes
Application to managed watersheds
Isotopes
Climate impacts on Acid Rock Drainage
Central Nebraska
Washington
Indiana
Potomac
Delaware
San JuaquinValley
California
Agricultural Watersheds
National Water Quality Assessment Program
Recharge
vector
Lysimeter
nest
DR2 Watershed
Basin area = 5.2 km2
Average slope = 1%
Deep, silt loam soils
Clay content 11.5%
Preferential flow
DR2
Watershed
2.4
Precipitatio
n
Simulate
d
Discharg
e
Observed
Discharg
e
2002
2003
DR2
Watershed
2.4
Observed
Discharg
e
Precipitatio
n
Simulate
d
Discharg
e
2002
2003
DR2
Watershed
2.4
Irrigation
2002
2003
Bedrock
surface
elevation
(top of
Columbia
River
Group)
(in feet)
DR2
Watershed
2.4
Groundwater:
from north of Sunnyside canal
from irrigation north of canal
2002
2003
Irrigation from
Internal and
External Sources
Precipitation
Rain
Canopy
Evaporation
Snow
Snow
Canopy Storage
Rain on
Snow Rain on
Bare
Ground
Thrufall
WEBMOD
Snow
Evaporation
Snowpack
Snowmelt
Rain+Melt
Hortonian Overland Flow
Dunnian Overland Flow
Root zone ET
Unsaturated Zone
Storage
Macropore flow
Diversion
Delivery
to Stream
Routing
Recharge
Crackflow and
fingering
Regional
Groundwater
Saturated Zone
Shallow well
Tile Drain
Baseflow and Exfiltration
Loss to Deep
Aquifer
Channel Loss
Basin Runoff
Watersheds
Research Objective
WEBMOD
TOPMODEL
+ PRMS + NWS Snow = XTOP_PRMS
+ PHREEQC = WEBMOD
Principal Components of Water and Solutes
Application to managed watersheds
Isotopes
Climate impacts on Acid Rock Drainage
Luquillo isotopes
d2H
d18O
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
2007
2008
in precipitation
In streams
in precipitation
In streams
20
12
10
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
2007
2008
Barometric Pressure, in mm of Hg
d2H
d2H_Q
mm Hg
Precip
Snow Pits
Stream
CosineFit
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
1-Jan
20-Feb
10-Apr
30-May
19-Jul
7-Sep
27-Oct
16-Dec
Watersheds
Research Objective
WEBMOD
TOPMODEL
+ PRMS + NWS Snow = XTOP_PRMS
+ PHREEQC = WEBMOD
Principal Components of Water and Solutes
Application to managed watersheds
Isotopes
Climate impacts on Acid Rock Drainage
SRESB1
convergent world
global population peaks in
mid-C
rapid changes in economic
structures toward a
service
and information economy
SRESA1B
SRESA2
Scenario
B1
A1B
A2
Maximum
6-GCM Mean
Minimum
Maximum
6-GCM Mean
Minimum
Maximum
6-GCM Mean
Minimum
Pyrite
Void
K-clay
TOPMODEL
http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/hfdg/freeware/hfdg_freeware_top.htm
SNOW-17 model:
http://www.weather.gov/oh/hrl/nwsrfs/users_manual/part2/_pdf/22snow17.pdf
Questions?