Optimal Placement of DG by using

Analytical Analysis
Name

Roll No

K.Ram Chandra
12385A0211
V.S.Balaji
11381A0202
N.Sunny Sukanth
11381A0240
A.Dola RamaKrishna
11381A0207
A.Keerthi
11381A0216
Under the guidance of
R.Siva Subramanyam Reddy
Asst.Prof,EEE
SKIT College

Contents
Objective
Introduction
Distributed

Generation
Theoretical analysis for optimal placement of DG on a
radial feeder
Procedure and results for uniformly distributed loads
Conclusion

Objective

Analytical Approaches for the Optimum placement of

Distributed Generation (DG) Source on a Radial feeder to reduce
power losses.

The Optimal site and size for Distributed Generation Source

on a Radial feeder with three different load distributions:

Uniformly distributed load,

Centrally distributed load and

Uniformly increasing distributed load.

Simulation studies to verify the results obtained analytically for
both Radial and Networked connected systems.

Introduction
Electrical power losses in distribution systems vary
with numerous factors depending on system configuration,
such as level of losses through transmission and distribution
lines, transformers, capacitors, insulators, etc.
o
One of the most common indications of evaluating
the efficiency of a power system is the ratio of power loss to
the total generating power. The system is considered as
efficient when the loss level is low.

In order to increase the efficiency of the distribution

electrical networks, loss reduction techniques are drawing
more attention.

 There

are many methods of loss reduction techniques used

like
feeder reconfiguration
capacitor placement
high voltage distribution system
conductor grading and
o DG unit placement
All these methods are involved with passive element except
DG unit placement.
Both DG units and capacitors reduce power loss and improve
voltage regulation but with DGs, loss reduction is almost
double that of Capacitors.

Distributed Generation
Distributed generation is an electric power source connected
directly to the distribution network or on the customer site of
the meter.

Distributed Generation or Dispersed Generation (DG) may

be defined as a generating resource, other than central
generating station, that is placed close to load being served,
usually at customer site.
It may be connected to the supply side or demand side of
meter. It can be renewable sources based micro-hydro, small
Wind turbines, Photovoltaics(PV), etc or fossil fuel based
Fuel cells (FCs), Reciprocating engines, Micro turbines, etc.
In term of size, DG may range from few KWs to over 100
MWs.

The Distributed Generation (DG) sources are normally

placed close to consumption centers and are added mostly at
the distribution level.
o They are relatively small in size and modular in structure.
o Many approaches have been proposed to solve dispersed
generators placement in distribution systems.
Rau and Wan present the method to identify optimal
locations of distributed resources in a network to minimize
losses, line loadings, and Reactive power requirement by the
second order algorithms.

Options for small-scale

Size range

Distributed Generation

(kW)

(DG) Type
Reciprocating Engines

5-7000

Electrical
Efficiency
(%)

Applications

25-45

Backup power, base load,

grid support
and peak shaving

Fuel cell

1-10000

40-65

Co-generation,
grid support

Photovoltaic

<1-100

5-15

Base load, peak shaving

Stirling Engines

1-25

12-20

Vehicles, Refrigeration,
Aircraft, Space

Theoretical analysis for optimal placement of

DG on a radial feeder

To simplify the analysis, only overhead lines with uniformly

distributed parameters are considered, i.e., R and L per unit
length are the same along the feeder while C and G per unit
length are neglected. The loads along the feeder are assumed
to be time-invariant.

 A Radial feeder without DG

First consider a radial feeder without DG. The loads are
distributed along the radial.
Feeder with the phasor load current density as shown in
above fig.Hence, the phasor current flowing through the
feeder at point x (the distance x being measured from the
receiving end) is,

Assuming the impedance per unit length of the line is Z, the

incremental power loss at point x is

 The

total power loss along the feeder is,

Radial

feeder

with

addition

of

DG

at

location

x0

Consider a DG is added into the feeder at the location

x0, as injected current source as shown in Fig.The feeder
current between the source (at ) and the location of DG (at )
will also change as result of injected current source .The
feeder current after adding DG can be written as follows:

The corresponding total power loss in the feeder

Procedure to find the optimal placement of DG on a

Radial feeder
The goal is to add DG at location to minimize the
power loss in the feeder. Differentiating the equation
with respect to and setting the result to zero. i.e.,

Finally x0 can be derived as,

Theoretical analysis results of case studies with

time invariant loads and DGs

A radial feeder with uniformly distributed loads.

Consider a 11KV radial feeder having uniformly distributed loads

along the system. The parameter of the line are: Resistance (R)
=0.538 /km, Bus voltage =11KV.Here the radial system consist of
11-buses with uniformly distributed loads along system i.e., load is
constant (0.5MW per section) from sending end to receiving end of
the line. The total load on a feeder is 5.5 MW.

Procedure and Results

Optimal

location of DG for selected DG size

Select a DG size, place it at bus 1 and calculate the

power loss in the system.
Similarly obtain the power losses for the same DG size by
placing it at various bus locations from sending end bus 2
to receiving end bus 11 of the system.
The results are presented in Table. The optimal bus
location is obtained for a selected DG size where the losses
are minimum.

Optimal size of DG for a selected bus location

At a selected bus location, place the DG of selected

size and calculate the power-loss in the system.
Similarly, obtain the power losses for the same bus location for
different DG sizes. The results are presented in Table .
The optimal DG size is obtained for a selected bus location
when the losses are minimum.

Overall optimal bus location and Optimal size of DG

The values of power loss presented in Table, are compared

and the minimum value of the power loss is selected.
The DG size and bus location corresponding to this value is the
Optimal DG size and Optimal bus location.

Analytical results of power losses on a radial feeder with

uniformly distributed loads fed with DG of different ratings

Fig shows the results of power losses after adding DG on

a radial feeder having uniform concentrated loads.

The magnitude of power losses decreases to minimum

value then increases with the DG, located from sending end
load bus to receiving end load bus on system.
o
Optimal power loss on the system depends up on the
location of DG and rating or size of DG source.

Figure show that different ratings of DG locations give

different optimal location.

DG 3.50 MW gives minimum amount of loss at bus no.6

and is loss is known as Optimal loss.

It is concluded that bus no.6 is called Optimal location

of DG and 3.50MW DG is the Optimal size.

Conclusion

U
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